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Exam Time Daily Current Affairs

5/28/2025, 6:00:25 AM

For those who gave the exam this year, are you ready for mains ?

Exam Time Daily Current Affairs

6/11/2025, 4:48:17 PM

How many of you cleared prelims?

Exam Time Daily Current Affairs

5/27/2025, 9:20:18 PM

How many of you gave the prelims this time ?

Exam Time Daily Current Affairs

2/27/2025, 4:57:48 PM

26th FEBRUARY, 2025 A.) NAKSHA Initiative Why in News? Union Rural Development Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan launched the National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations (NAKSHA) to modernize urban land records. Background • Most urban areas in India have outdated or unstructured land records, causing inefficiencies in governance and taxation. • While rural land records have been improved under Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), many cities still lack proper maps. • States like Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Goa have better urban land records, but most others lag behind. Details About NAKSHA: • A city survey initiative under DILRMP, spearheaded by the Department of Land Resources (DoLR), Ministry of Rural Development. • Aims to create a geospatial database of urban land records using aerial and field surveys integrated with GIS technology. • Launched as a pilot across 152 urban local bodies in 26 states, covering towns less than 35 sq km in area and with a population below 2 lakhs. • 100% centrally funded, with an estimated cost of ₹194 crore for the pilot. Objectives & Benefits: • Creation of comprehensive and accurate digital urban land records. • Reduction in land disputes and improved property tax collection. • Facilitates faster urban planning, efficient land use, and smoother property transactions. • Enhances access to credit and investments in urban properties. • The Centre plans to scale up the project after successful completion of the pilot phase. How will the survey be conducted? • Drone-based aerial photography using LiDAR sensors and high-resolution cameras. • Three-stage process: 1. Drone Survey – Flight plans are made, and high-resolution images are captured. 2. Field Survey & Mapping – Data is verified, linked to property tax records and ownership details, and 2D/3D models are created. 3. Public Review & Finalization – Claims and objections are addressed, grievances resolved, and final digitized maps published. Scale & Coverage: • As per Census 2011, India has 7,933 towns covering 1.02 lakh sq km. • NAKSHA will initially cover 4,142.63 sq km, with expansion planned after the pilot phase. This initiative marks a significant step in urban governance modernization, ensuring efficient land management, transparency, and economic development. B.) Impact of U.S. Reciprocal Tariff Plan on India Why in News? The U.S. Reciprocal Tariff Plan aims to impose higher tariffs on countries with which the U.S. has a trade deficit. This could significantly impact Indian exports, prompting concerns over trade competitiveness and economic losses. Background • The U.S. runs a trade deficit with several countries, including India, and is planning higher tariffs to counter this imbalance. • India currently enjoys relatively lower tariffs (2.8%) on its exports to the U.S., but under the new plan, this could rise to 4.9%. • Certain key Indian export sectors such as agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and electronics are at risk of higher duties. Details Impact on India • Increase in tariffs from 2.8% to 4.9% on Indian exports, reducing price competitiveness. • Sector-wise impact: o Agriculture: Shrimp, dairy, and processed foods could face tariffs of up to 38.2%. o Industrial Goods: Pharmaceuticals, diamonds & jewelry, and electronics may see significant losses.  Example: Pharmaceutical tariffs could rise by 10.9%, increasing costs for generic medicines and reducing demand. o Minimal impact: Sectors like petroleum, minerals, and garments are expected to be largely unaffected. Recommendations for India 1. Advance Tariff Offer Instead of FTA: o India should propose a zero-for-zero tariff strategy—eliminating tariffs on select U.S. imports without harming domestic industries. 2. Retaliatory Measures: o Like China's response, India should consider countermeasures instead of offering unfair trade concessions. 3. Resolve Trade Data Discrepancies: o Addressing differences in trade statistics reported by India and the U.S. to prevent tariff hikes based on inaccurate data. Conclusion India must adopt a strategic trade response by negotiating fair tariffs, protecting key export sectors, and ensuring trade data transparency to mitigate the impact of the U.S. Reciprocal Tariff Plan.   C.) India’s Commitment to Global South in Peacekeeping Why in News? External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar reaffirmed India's commitment to building peacekeeping capacities in Global South nations at the inaugural ‘Conference for Women Peacekeepers from the Global South’. Background • Since the 1950s, India has contributed over 290,000 peacekeepers to 50+ UN peacekeeping missions. • Currently, more than 5,000 Indian peacekeepers are deployed in 9 out of 11 active UN peacekeeping missions. • India has been a pioneer in deploying women peacekeepers, reinforcing its leadership in inclusive peace operations. Details About UN Peacekeeping • The UN does not have a standing military force; Member States voluntarily contribute military and police personnel for peacekeeping operations. • Peacekeepers’ Role: o Protect civilians and prevent conflicts. o Reduce violence and strengthen security. o Support national authorities in assuming security responsibilities. • Use of Force: o Allowed only in self-defense and defense of the mandate, with UN Security Council authorization. o Force is used as a last resort in UN peacekeeping operations. • The first UN Peacekeeping mission was established in May 1948, when the UN Security Council formed the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) to monitor the Arab-Israel Armistice Agreement. Who Funds UN Peacekeeping Missions? • The UN Security Council decides on establishing and maintaining peacekeeping operations. • All UN member states contribute to funding, as per Article 17 of the UN Charter. • Major contributors: o United States (26.95%) and China (18.69%) contribute the most due to their status as permanent UNSC members. o India’s share is approximately 0.2088%. • Financial Aspects for Troops: o Countries pay their own peacekeepers according to national salary scales. o The UN reimburses contributing nations at $1,428 per soldier per month (as of July 2019). Conclusion India remains a key contributor to UN peacekeeping, particularly in supporting Global South nations and enhancing women’s role in peace missions. This aligns with India's commitment to global security and multilateral cooperation.   D.) India’s Growing Wind Energy Capacity Why in News? According to a Crisil report, India's annual wind power capacity addition is set to double from 3.4 GW in FY 2024-25 to 7.1 GW in FY 2026-27, highlighting rapid growth in the sector. Background • Total Installed Wind Capacity: India’s wind energy capacity has more than doubled in the last decade, reaching 48.16 GW (January 2025). • Global Ranking: India ranks 4th worldwide in total installed wind capacity. • Role in Renewable Energy: Wind power is the second-largest contributor to India’s renewable energy mix, after solar power (>100 GW). Details High Potential of Wind Power • Key wind energy states: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh have high wind power potential. • Offshore wind energy potential along Gujarat and Tamil Nadu coasts. Initiatives to Promote Wind Energy 1. National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy (2018) o Promotes hybrid wind-solar projects to optimize land use and grid stability. 2. Offshore Wind Energy Policy (2015) o Encourages offshore wind development along Gujarat and Tamil Nadu coasts. 3. Green Energy Open Access Rules (2022) o Simplifies access to renewable power for consumers, boosting wind energy adoption. 4. Renewable Energy Purchase Obligation (RPO) o Mandates power distribution companies (DISCOMs) to source a portion of electricity from wind and other renewables. Conclusion India’s wind energy sector is poised for significant expansion, backed by policy support, strong potential, and increasing capacity additions. This aligns with India’s renewable energy targets and commitment to sustainable development. E.) NASA’s PUNCH Mission: Unraveling the Solar Wind Why in News? NASA is set to launch the Polarimetry to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere (PUNCH) mission on February 28 using a SpaceX rocket. This first-of-its-kind solar mission aims to closely observe the solar atmosphere and map the origins and evolution of solar winds and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)—both of which significantly impact space weather. Background • PUNCH Mission Objective: To study how the solar corona transitions into the solar wind and how CMEs propagate through space. • Significance: Understanding these solar phenomena is crucial for space weather prediction, which affects satellites, power grids, and communication systems on Earth. Details Spacecraft Configuration • Four suitcase-sized satellites will operate in a coordinated constellation to generate continuous 3D images of the corona and inner heliosphere. Scientific Goals 1. Mapping the Solar Wind o Tracking the flow of charged particles from the Sun to understand their acceleration and distribution. 2. Studying Solar Transients o Observing CMEs and dynamic solar events to analyze their structure, evolution, and impact on planetary environments. 3. Enhancing Space Weather Prediction o Providing critical data to improve space weather models that influence Earth’s communication systems, GPS, and power infrastructure. Mission Details • Orbit: The satellites will be placed in a Sun-synchronous, low Earth orbit, enabling continuous solar observation. • Duration: After a 90-day commissioning phase, PUNCH will conduct at least two years of scientific operations. Conclusion The PUNCH mission will fill the observational gap between the Sun’s corona and heliosphere, improving our understanding of solar activity and its impact on Earth. The data will be crucial for advancing space weather forecasting, making space missions and global communications more resilient.   F.) India’s Space Economy and Vision for Viksit Bharat 2047 Why in News? India’s space economy is projected to grow fivefold, significantly contributing to the nation’s vision of Viksit Bharat 2047. The government aims to expand the Indian space economy to $44 billion by 2033, capturing 8% of the global space market. India’s Space Economy: Current Status • Valuation: Currently valued at $8.4 billion, contributing 2% of the global space market. • Economic Impact: o Contributed ₹20,000 crore to GDP in the last decade. o Supported 96,000 jobs in the sector. o Every $1 investment in space generates a $2.54 economic impact, making it 2.5 times more productive than India’s broader industry. Role of Space Technology in Nation-Building 1. Land Digitization o Swamitva Scheme uses satellites for transparent land records and property rights. 2. Resource Mapping o Space technology helps in harnessing Himalayan and marine resources, aiding in sustainable development. 3. Women in Space o Women constitute 20-25% of ISRO’s workforce, contributing to missions like Chandrayaan and Gaganyaan. 4. Navigation & Communication o NavIC (Indian GPS alternative) strengthens national security, navigation, and communication networks. Key Initiatives to Boost India’s Space Economy • Space Budget: o Increased from ₹5,615 crore in 2013-14 to ₹13,416 crore in 2025-26. • Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe): o Established in 2020 to promote and regulate private sector participation in space activities. • Indian Space Policy 2023: o Encourages private investment and international collaborations. • 100% FDI in Space Sector: o Eases restrictions on foreign investments in satellite manufacturing and launch services. • ₹1,000 crore Venture Capital (VC) Fund: o Supports startups and innovation in space technology. Conclusion India’s booming space economy will be a key driver of technological and economic growth, aligning with the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047. The government’s policies and investments are positioning India as a global leader in space technology, fostering innovation, economic expansion, and strategic self-reliance. 27th FEBRUARY, 2025 A.) IREDA Shareholders Approve ₹5,000 Crore Fundraising via QIP Why in News? The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd. (IREDA) has received shareholder approval to raise up to ₹5,000 crore through a Qualified Institutions Placement (QIP) of equity shares. The approval was granted via remote e-voting during the 22nd Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM) held through video conferencing. Background: What is Qualified Institutional Placement (QIP)? A Qualified Institutional Placement (QIP) is a capital-raising mechanism used by listed companies to issue equity shares, non-convertible debt instruments, or convertible securities to Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs). Key Features of QIP: • Introduced by SEBI in 2006 to reduce Indian companies' dependence on foreign capital (ADRs/GDRs) and promote domestic fundraising. • Exclusive to Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs) such as mutual funds, foreign institutional investors, scheduled commercial banks, insurance companies, and pension funds. • Faster and cost-effective compared to Follow-on Public Offerings (FPOs) or Rights Issues. • Pricing Mechanism: Issue price must be not less than the average of the weekly high and low closing prices over the past two weeks. • Lock-in Period: Securities allotted in a QIP are locked for six months to ensure participation from long-term investors. Procedure for QIP Issuance 1. Board & Shareholder Approval: The company secures board and shareholder approval for the QIP. 2. Appointment of Merchant Banker: A merchant banker is appointed to manage the issue and act as an intermediary between the company and QIBs. 3. Offer Document Preparation: A document detailing the issue is shared with potential QIB investors. 4. Allotment of Shares: Shares are allocated based on investor bids, and funds are raised accordingly. Impact of IREDA’s ₹5,000 Crore QIP Fundraising This move will provide a boost for renewable energy financing, increasing IREDA’s lending capacity for green energy projects. It aligns with India’s target of achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030 and will attract institutional investors, strengthening market confidence in IREDA. Conclusion IREDA’s ₹5,000 crore QIP approval is a strategic move to enhance funding for India’s renewable energy sector. The initiative will strengthen India’s clean energy transition, attract institutional investors, and accelerate green financing under the broader vision of Viksit Bharat 2047.   B.) Global Security Risks and Nuclear Weapons Current Context The warning regarding nuclear threats comes as the Doomsday Clock moved one second closer to midnight last month. Introduced in 1947 by the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, the Doomsday Clock symbolizes how close humanity is to self-destruction. Current Risks Posed by Nuclear Weapons • Heightened Global Security Concerns: Geopolitical tensions, diminishing trust between nations, and escalating military expenditures increase the likelihood of nuclear conflict. • Erosion of Disarmament Frameworks: Key treaties and norms aimed at preventing nuclear testing and proliferation are being undermined, weakening global disarmament efforts. • Nuclear Blackmail: The potential use of nuclear weapons to coerce opponents exacerbates global instability and heightens security risks. • Expansion of Inventories: Many countries are increasing their nuclear weapon stockpiles, leading to new arms races, including in outer space. • Weaponization of Artificial Intelligence: The integration of AI in military operations may reduce human control over nuclear arsenals, raising the risk of unintended launches. Non-Proliferation Efforts • Conference on Disarmament: This forum addresses key issues such as nuclear disarmament, the prevention of an arms race in outer space, and the emergence of new weapons of mass destruction. • Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT): The NPT aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and technology while promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy. • Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT): This treaty bans all nuclear explosions, regardless of whether they are for military or peaceful purposes. • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): The IAEA serves as the leading international organization for scientific and technical cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear energy, ensuring safety and non-proliferation. Conclusion The evolving landscape of nuclear weapons and the associated risks highlight the urgent need for renewed commitment to disarmament and non-proliferation efforts. As global tensions rise, the importance of international treaties and cooperative frameworks cannot be overstated in ensuring a safer future for humanity.   C.) India's Semiconductor Industry: A Crucial Step Towards Self-Reliance Why in News India is taking significant steps to reduce its dependence on semiconductor imports, particularly from countries like Taiwan and China, by focusing on indigenous chip development. This move aims to bolster national security, enhance economic stability, and strengthen India's position in the global semiconductor market. Background India's semiconductor manufacturing industry is still in its early stages, facing challenges that limit its growth potential. Currently valued at approximately $38 billion in 2023, the Indian semiconductor market is projected to grow to $109 billion by 2030. The country’s reliance on foreign semiconductor chips underscores the need for a robust domestic industry to meet the growing demand. Details • Market Growth: The semiconductor consumption market in India is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13% through 2030. • Challenges: o Capital-Intensive Sector: Establishing semiconductor fabrication facilities (fabs) requires substantial investment, often exceeding $10 billion. o Lack of Skilled Workforce: There is a pressing need for skilled professionals in semiconductor design, fabrication, and testing to support industry growth. o Dependence on Raw Material Imports: Critical raw materials such as silicon wafers and semiconductor chips are largely imported, creating vulnerabilities in the supply chain. • Initiatives Undertaken: o Semicon India Program: This initiative aims to promote the domestic semiconductor industry through various incentives and strategic partnerships. o India Semiconductor Mission: Focused on building a vibrant semiconductor and display ecosystem, this mission seeks to establish India as a global hub for electronics manufacturing and design. o Partnerships with Global Firms: Collaborations with companies like Micron and Foxconn aim to set up manufacturing units in India, enhancing local capabilities and infrastructure. Conclusion India's concerted efforts to develop its semiconductor industry are crucial for reducing import reliance and promoting economic self-sufficiency. By addressing challenges and leveraging initiatives, India can strengthen its semiconductor capabilities, contribute to national security, and boost its position in the global electronics market. D.) Transforming Women’s Representation in Panchayati Raj Institutions Why in News The report titled “Transforming Women’s Representation and Roles in Panchayati Raj Systems and Institutions: Eliminating Efforts for Proxy Participation” highlights critical issues regarding women's representation in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India. This follows a Supreme Court directive in the case of Mundona Rural Development Foundation vs UoI (2023), which called for a committee to examine the prevalence of proxy participation by male relatives in these institutions. Background The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act (1992) established a three-tiered panchayat system and mandated 1/3rd reservation of seats for women in PRIs. This quota has been expanded to nearly 50% by 21 states, with Bihar being the first to implement such measures. Currently, 46.6% of elected panchayat representatives are women. However, many elected women function merely as figureheads, while male relatives, often referred to as "sarpanch pati," exercise real control, undermining the intended impact of these reservations and perpetuating the notion that women are ineffective leaders. Details Key Reforms Proposed by the Committee: • Strict Penalties: The committee recommends implementing punishments for proven cases of male interference in panchayat leadership, although specific penalties are yet to be defined. • Stronger Policies: Proposals include: o Kerala-style gender-exclusive quotas to ensure female representation. o Public swearing-in ceremonies to enhance visibility and accountability of women leaders. o Establishing women panchayat federations to promote collective action and support among women representatives. • Technological Solutions: The committee advocates for: o Virtual reality simulation training to prepare women leaders for their roles. o Integration of AI-powered query-driven systems to provide real-time legal guidance to Women Elected Representatives (WERs) in local languages. • Accountability Mechanisms: Recommendations include: o Establishing helplines and watchdog committees to monitor leadership practices. o Introducing whistleblower rewards for reporting instances of proxy leadership. o Utilizing the Panchayat Nirnay Portal to enable citizens to track the participation and decision-making activities of elected pradhans. Conclusion The committee's report emphasizes the need for transformative measures to enhance women's representation and effectiveness in Panchayati Raj Institutions. By addressing issues of proxy participation and proposing reforms that promote accountability and empowerment, the committee aims to ensure that women can fulfill their roles as effective leaders in local governance, thereby realizing the true intent of the reservation policies.   E.) UN Biodiversity Conference (CBD COP 16.2) and Agri-NBSAPs Why in News The UN Biodiversity Conference (CBD COP 16.2) held in Rome builds on the momentum from COP16 in Colombia, where the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) launched Agri-NBSAPs in collaboration with the Colombian government and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). This initiative aims to integrate agrifood systems into national biodiversity strategies. Background Agri-NBSAPs (Agricultural National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans) aim to support governments in incorporating agrifood systems (AFS) into their National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) and ensuring effective implementation. NBSAPs serve as a framework for biodiversity conservation, enabling the sustainable use of biological resources. Countries are encouraged to frame their NBSAPs under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF), which seeks to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030. This framework provides a collective mechanism for governments to enhance their capacity, identify strategic levers, and implement measures across agrifood systems to achieve their NBSAP targets. Details Importance of Integrating AFS into NBSAPs: • Meeting KM-GBF Goals: More than half of the 23 targets of the KM-GBF are directly related to agriculture, highlighting the crucial role of agrifood systems in biodiversity conservation. • Cutting Emissions: Agrifood systems contribute nearly one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions, which drive climate change, leading to habitat degradation and biodiversity loss. • Protecting Food Security: Biodiversity is essential for ecosystem services such as pollination, soil fertility, and pest control. A decline in biodiversity poses a threat to food security, impacting the livelihoods of approximately 3 billion people, as 75% of food crops rely on pollinators. Conclusion The Agri-NBSAP initiative and the discussions at CBD COP 16.2 underscore the importance of integrating agrifood systems into national biodiversity strategies. By addressing the interconnections between agriculture and biodiversity, countries can make significant strides towards achieving the goals of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, ultimately contributing to sustainable development and food security while preserving essential ecosystems.   F.) India-Africa Relations and the Japan-India-Africa Business Forum Why in News At the Japan-India-Africa Business Forum, India's Minister highlighted India's strong commitment to Africa through initiatives focused on capacity building, skill development, and technology transfer. This approach contrasts sharply with China's extractive model, showcasing India’s emphasis on mutual growth rather than control over resources. Background India has become a significant player in Africa, establishing itself as the fourth-largest trading partner on the continent, with nearly $100 billion in bilateral trade. Unlike China's debt-trap diplomacy, India offers duty-free trade and provides concessional financing, which fosters sustainable development across various sectors. The $12 billion concessional credit from India is aimed at funding over 200 infrastructure projects in key areas like railways, power, and agriculture. Details Evolving Nature of India-Africa Relations: • Expanding Economic Presence: India’s economic footprint in Africa continues to grow, positioning it as a vital trading partner and investor. • Driving Sustainable Development: India’s investment in infrastructure is supported by the ITEC Program, the Pan-African e-Network, and initiatives like e-VidyaBharti and e-ArogyaBharti, which enhance education and healthcare. • Giving Voice to Africa: India has actively advocated for the African Union’s permanent membership in the G20, highlighting the importance of African representation on global platforms. The India-Africa Forum Summit serves as a crucial platform for enhancing cooperation and dialogue. • Collaboration with Japan: The partnership with Japan aims to leverage Japanese investment, Indian technology, and African talent for shared growth. The Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC), launched in 2017, focuses on promoting democratic, sustainable, and inclusive development in Africa. Conclusion India's engagement with Africa is increasingly important as the global economic landscape shifts, with the coming decades expected to focus on Africa's growth potential. By prioritizing sustainable development, technology transfer, and collaborative initiatives, India aims to foster stronger ties with African nations and support their economic development in a manner that contrasts with the extractive practices seen in other partnerships.

Exam Time Daily Current Affairs

2/24/2025, 6:37:59 PM

24th FEBRUARY, 2025 A.) 27th Meeting of the Western Zonal Council Why in News Union Home Minister Amit Shah chaired the 27th meeting of the Western Zonal Council in Pune, focusing on regional cooperation and development among member states. Background The concept of Zonal Councils in India was introduced by the first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, in 1956. During discussions on the States Reorganisation Commission's report, he suggested that states be grouped into four or five zones with an Advisory Council to foster cooperative working among them. Key Takeaways 1. Zonal Councils Overview: o Zonal Councils are statutory bodies established under the States Reorganisation Act of 1956. They aim to promote cooperation and coordination among states in various areas, including economic planning, infrastructure development, and social welfare. o The North-Eastern Council (NEC), created under a separate Act in 1971, serves the northeastern states and operates differently from the Zonal Councils. 2. Composition of Zonal Councils: o Northern Zonal Council: Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, National Capital Territory of Delhi, and Union Territory of Chandigarh. o Central Zonal Council: Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. o Eastern Zonal Council: Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal. o Western Zonal Council: Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and the Union Territories of Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli. o Southern Zonal Council: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and the Union Territory of Puducherry. o North Eastern Council: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Meghalaya, and Nagaland. The state of Sikkim was added to this council in 2002. 3. Structure and Functions: o Each Zonal Council has a Standing Committee consisting of Chief Secretaries from the member states. These committees meet periodically to address issues and prepare for Zonal Council meetings. o The Union Home Minister serves as the chairman of each Zonal Council. The Chief Ministers of the states within each zone rotate as Vice-Chairman for one-year terms. 4. Recent Developments: o In 2018, the Union Cabinet, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, designated the Union Home Minister as the ex-officio chairman of the North Eastern Council. The Minister for Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER) was appointed as the Vice Chairman of the Council. The Zonal Councils play a vital role in fostering collaboration among states, addressing regional issues, and promoting economic and social development across India.   B.) National Critical Mineral Mission and Reclassification of Minerals Why in News The Union Cabinet recently approved the National Critical Mineral Mission, leading to the reclassification of certain minerals based on recommendations from an Inter-Ministerial Committee led by Dr. V. K. Saraswat. Background A mineral is defined as a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin, possessing specific chemical and physical properties. The reclassification aims to enhance the exploration and extraction of critical minerals that play a vital role in various industries and technologies. Key Takeaways 1. Reason for Reclassification: o Mineral Sources: Quartz, feldspar, and mica, which are found in pegmatite rocks, serve as important sources for many critical minerals. o Previous Limitations: When these minerals were classified as minor minerals, associated critical minerals were not reported or extracted. Reclassification allows for better tracking and extraction of these vital resources. o Industry Significance: The minerals have essential applications in emerging technologies, energy transitions, space industries, and the healthcare sector. 2. Baryte's Importance: o Occurrence: Baryte often appears as concretions and vein fillings in limestone and dolostone and is associated with ores of antimony, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, and silver. o Industrial Applications: Baryte is utilized in oil and gas drilling, electronics, television screens, rubber, glass, ceramics, paint, radiation shielding, and medical applications. o Impact of Reclassification: Once categorized as a major mineral, baryte will see increased exploration and scientific mining, emphasizing its role as a critical mineral source. 3. Major and Minor Minerals: o Major Minerals: These are specified in the schedule appended to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) (MMDR) Act, 1957. o Minor Minerals: Defined by the MMDR Act, minor minerals include building stones, gravel, clay, sand, and other minerals notified by the Central Government. o Regulatory Authority: The administration and regulation of minor minerals fall under the jurisdiction of state governments. Conclusion The reclassification of minerals under the National Critical Mineral Mission is a strategic move to bolster the exploration and extraction of essential minerals. This initiative aligns with India's goals of advancing technological development and supporting key industries through improved access to critical resources. C.) Plurilateralism in Global Governance Why in News During the G20 session on the 'Global Geopolitical Situation,' External Affairs Minister (EAM) criticized dysfunctional multilateralism and highlighted the need for plurilateralism to foster inclusive and transparent global cooperation to address trust deficits. Background Plurilateralism represents a shift in international governance where a subset of countries collaborates within a larger multilateral framework. This approach contrasts with traditional multilateralism, aiming to make global cooperation more efficient and effective. Key Takeaways 1. Definition of Plurilateralism: o Plurilateralism is a governance strategy where a smaller group of countries negotiates agreements on specific issues within a broader multilateral context. 2. Plurilateralism vs. Multilateralism: o Multilateralism: Involves agreements among all or most members of the international community (e.g., World Trade Organization (WTO), United Nations treaties). It aims for inclusivity but often faces gridlock due to the need for consensus among numerous countries. o Plurilateralism: More agile and targeted than multilateralism, allowing countries to move forward on specific issues without being held back by the need for universal agreement. 3. Causal Factors for the Rise of Plurilateralism: o Faster Decision-Making: Plurilateralism facilitates quicker negotiations, avoiding delays associated with broader multilateral discussions. For example, the Multi-party Interim Appeal Arrangement (MPIA) was established to address the dysfunction of the WTO’s Appellate Body. o Focus on Specific Issues: Plurilateral agreements enable targeted collaboration in critical areas. The Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) is an example of a U.S.-led initiative aimed at securing critical mineral supply chains and reducing reliance on China. o Bypassing Multilateral Stalemates: Plurilateralism helps circumvent deadlocks in global institutions, such as the Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) formed following the failure of the WTO Doha Round. o Strategic Alliances and Geopolitical Shifts: Countries are increasingly forming strategic alliances through plurilateral agreements to enhance cooperation in trade, technology, and security, as exemplified by the AUKUS agreement. Conclusion The emphasis on plurilateralism represents a pragmatic approach to overcoming the challenges of dysfunctional multilateralism. By enabling targeted collaboration among select nations, plurilateral agreements can effectively address pressing global issues, facilitate quicker decision-making, and adapt to the changing geopolitical landscape. This shift is essential for fostering trust and cooperation in an increasingly complex world. D.) The Darien Gap: Migration Route and Its Implications Why in News Migrants seeking entry into the United States are increasingly resorting to the Darien Gap, a treacherous jungle expanse between Panama and Colombia, often guided by human traffickers exploiting their aspirations for a better life. Background The Darien Gap has become a significant route for migrants, particularly from Latin America, who are fleeing poverty, economic instability, and political turmoil. Recently, there has been a notable increase in migrants from Asian countries, such as India, navigating this perilous path, often at great financial cost. Key Takeaways 1. Location and Physical Features: o The Darien Gap is a dense, roadless jungle region located on the border of Panama and Colombia. o It consists of swamps, rainforests, and rugged mountains, making it one of the most inaccessible areas in the world. 2. Significance in the Pan-American Highway: o The Darien Gap represents the only missing section (approximately 106 km) of the otherwise continuous Pan-American Highway, which stretches from Alaska to Argentina. 3. Strategic & Geopolitical Importance: o Migration Route: The region has emerged as a major passage for migrants from South America, Africa, and Asia attempting to reach North America. o Security Issues: The Darien Gap is notorious for drug trafficking, organized crime, and the presence of armed groups, creating a dangerous environment for migrants and locals alike. o Environmental Conservation vs. Development: Proposals for road construction through the Darien Gap are met with opposition due to concerns over deforestation, indigenous rights, and biodiversity loss. Environmental & Ecological Concerns 1. Biodiversity Hotspot: o The Darien Gap is recognized as a biodiversity hotspot, housing endangered species and serving as a crucial part of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. o Parts of the region are protected as national parks and reserves, including Darién National Park in Panama, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 2. Threats from Climate Change & Deforestation: o The unique ecosystem is under threat from logging, illegal settlements, and infrastructure development. 3. Indigenous Communities: o The region is home to several indigenous tribes, including the Emberá and Wounaan, who rely on traditional means for their survival and face challenges from external pressures on their lands. Conclusion The Darien Gap represents a complex intersection of migration, environmental conservation, and geopolitical issues. As more migrants traverse this perilous route in pursuit of a better future, the region's ecological integrity and the rights of indigenous communities remain under threat. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach that balances the needs of migrants with the imperative of protecting one of the world's most biodiverse areas.   E.) Jan Vishwas Bill 2.0: Enhancing Ease of Doing Business Why in News Prime Minister Narendra Modi has highlighted the government's efforts through the Jan Vishwas Bill 2.0, aimed at reducing bureaucratic hurdles and regulatory burdens to enhance the ease of doing business in India. Overview of the Jan Vishwas Bill 2.0 • Announcement: Introduced in the Union Budget 2025-26. • Objective: To decriminalize over 100 outdated legal provisions to simplify regulations and improve the business environment. About Deregulation • Definition: Deregulation refers to the reduction or elimination of government oversight and control over an industry, aiming to foster a more competitive market environment. Global Deregulation Initiatives • United States: Establishment of the Department of Government Efficiency (DoGE). • United Kingdom: Implementation of the Better Regulation Framework. • New Zealand: Formation of the Ministry of Regulation to streamline regulations. Significance of Deregulation in Fueling Economic Activity 1. Boosts Economic Growth: o For India to achieve a target of 8% GDP growth, it needs to increase investment from 31% to 35% of GDP. o Deregulation is a key factor in attracting investments, as demonstrated by the rapid growth experienced by Japan and China through similar initiatives. 2. Enhances Economic Freedom: o By removing bureaucratic hurdles, deregulation fosters competition and innovation within industries. o For instance, the Jan Vishwas Act 2023 decriminalized 183 provisions across 42 central Acts, significantly easing business compliance requirements. 3. Reduces Compliance Costs for MSMEs: o Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) often lack the resources to navigate complex regulations. o Deregulation can lower compliance costs and simplify processes, benefiting these enterprises. For example, Haryana and Tamil Nadu have amended building regulations to facilitate compliance for small businesses. 4. Enhances Competitive Federalism: o States can learn from each other's deregulation efforts, leading to improved industrial activity across the country. o An example includes Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Haryana, which have relaxed prohibitions on women working night shifts, creating more employment opportunities. Conclusion The Jan Vishwas Bill 2.0 represents a significant step towards reducing regulatory burdens and enhancing the ease of doing business in India. By focusing on deregulation, the government aims to boost investment, economic growth, and competitiveness while supporting MSMEs and fostering a collaborative environment among states. These efforts are crucial for achieving the country's economic objectives and ensuring sustainable development.   F.) Contribution of the Soliga Community to Tiger Conservation Why in News Prime Minister Narendra Modi referenced the Soliga community during the 119th edition of Mann Ki Baat, commending their significant contributions to tiger conservation in the Biligirirangana Tiger Reserve (BRT). Background • The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) report highlighted a tiger population in the BRT Tiger Reserve of 69 tigers in 2014, which increased to 86 tigers in 2018. • However, the 2022 NTCA report noted a decline in the tiger population, attributing it to human encroachment and habitat degradation. Key Takeaways 1. The Soliga Community • Location: Primarily reside in the Biligirirangana Hills (BR Hills) and Male Mahadeshwara Hills of Karnataka, with some populations in the Erode district of Tamil Nadu. • Name Origin: The term "Soliga" translates to "children of bamboo," reflecting their close relationship with nature. 2. Language and Livelihood • Language: The Soliga speak Sholaga, a Dravidian language closely related to Kannada and Tamil. • Traditional Practices: Historically engaged in shifting cultivation and reliant on forests for their livelihood, they collect non-timber forest products (NTFP) such as: o Honey o Gooseberries o Bamboo o Medicinal plants • Herbal Knowledge: The community possesses extensive knowledge of over 300 herbs used for treating various ailments. 3. Cultural and Religious Practices • Spiritual Beliefs: The Soliga follow a blend of naturism, animism, and Hinduism. • Sacred Sites: Sites like Dodda Sampige, a large Michelia champaka tree, hold significant spiritual importance to the community. 4. Legal Recognition and Conservation Efforts • Tiger Reserve Declaration: In 2011, the BR Hills region was declared a tiger reserve, leading to restrictions on traditional practices. • Forest Rights Recognition: The Soliga community legally contested these limitations, becoming the first tribal group in India to have their forest rights recognized within a core area of a tiger reserve. • Conservation Collaboration: They have collaborated in conservation efforts, significantly contributing to the doubling of the tiger population between 2011 and 2015. Conclusion The Soliga community's deep-rooted connection with nature and their traditional knowledge have been pivotal in the efforts to conserve the tiger population in the BRT Tiger Reserve. Their legal recognition and active participation in conservation highlight the importance of integrating indigenous communities in environmental efforts, showcasing a model of coexistence and sustainable practices. This collaboration is crucial for the future of tiger conservation and biodiversity in India.

Exam Time Daily Current Affairs

2/25/2025, 4:40:07 PM

25th FEBRUARY, 2025 A.) Panchayat Devolution Index 2024 Why in News? The Union Ministry of Panchayati Raj recently released the Panchayat Devolution Index, based on a study conducted by the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA). Background • The Panchayat Devolution Index was last published in 2014. • The national average score has improved from 39.92 in 2014 to 43.89 in 2024. • India has 2.62 lakh panchayats in 2024, up from 2.48 lakh in 2013-14. Details Study and Index Parameters • The IIPA assessed 172 panchayats across 68 districts on six parameters: 1. Framework 2. Functions 3. Finances 4. Functionaries 5. Capacity Building 6. Accountability • The index scores states from 0 to 100 to evaluate panchayat performance. Top and Bottom Performers • Highest-ranked states: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu. • Most improved states: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar. • Lowest-ranked states: Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Jharkhand. • In 2013-14, the top performers were Maharashtra, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Chhattisgarh. Women’s Representation in Panchayats • Most states have 50% reservation for women, but seven states/UTs are below this threshold. • Highest women representation: Odisha (61.51%), Himachal Pradesh (57.5%), Tamil Nadu (57.32%). • Lowest women representation: Uttar Pradesh (33.33%), as it follows only one-third reservation. • National average: 46.44% (up from 45.9% in 2013-14). Representation of SCs, STs, and OBCs in Panchayats • SCs: Punjab (36.34%) (Highest) | National average: 18.03%. • STs: Chhattisgarh (41.04%) (Highest) | National average: 16.22%. • OBCs: Bihar (39.02%) (Highest) | National average: 19.15%.   B.) India’s Rising LNG Imports from the U.S. Why in News? According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, India's LNG imports from the U.S. increased by over 71% year-on-year in the first 11 months of 2024. About LNG • Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is created by cooling natural gas to -162°C, transforming it into a liquid state. • It is composed mainly of methane (90%), making it odourless, colourless, non-toxic, and non-corrosive. • India is the fourth-largest LNG importer globally. Why is India’s LNG Dependence Increasing? 1. Diversification of Energy Basket – LNG is a cleaner alternative to coal, supporting India’s energy transition. 2. Government Target – Aims to increase natural gas share in the energy mix to 15% by 2030. 3. Gas-Based Economy – Reducing reliance on imported crude oil by promoting natural gas usage. 4. Climate Change Goals – LNG emits 40% less CO₂ than coal and 30% less than oil, making it the cleanest fossil fuel. Challenges Associated with LNG 1. High Prices & Volatility – Geopolitical events (e.g., Russia-Ukraine war) create supply-demand imbalances. 2. Inadequate Pipeline Network – Limits LNG distribution, especially in remote areas. 3. Limited Storage Capacity – Increases vulnerability to global price fluctuations. India’s Initiatives for LNG • Draft LNG Policy – Encourages LNG adoption in transportation and mining. • Motor Vehicles Rules Amendment (2017) – Recognized LNG as a transport fuel under the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989.   C.) Black Plastic and Toxicity Concerns Why in News? A study initially claimed that toxic flame retardants in black plastic were leaching into food at hazardous levels. However, the researchers later corrected their findings due to a miscalculation of one of the toxic chemicals. Background • Black plastic is often made from recycled electronic waste (e.g., computers, TVs, appliances). • These electronics contain brominated flame retardants, antimony, and heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and mercury, posing potential health risks. Key Takeaways 1. What is Black Plastic? o Dyed with carbon black pigments and used in packaging, electronics, automotive parts, and household goods. o Primarily made from recycled plastic but is difficult to recycle due to toxic additives and sorting challenges. 2. Challenges in Recycling o Not detected by conventional Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) as black plastic absorbs infrared light, making sorting difficult. o Often ends up in landfills instead of being properly recycled. 3. Presence of Toxic Additives o Contains hazardous chemicals like brominated flame retardants, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). o These chemicals can leach into soil and water, causing health risks and environmental damage. 4. Microplastic Pollution o When black plastic degrades, it breaks into microplastics, contaminating water bodies, soil, and food chains. o Microplastics harm marine life and pose health risks when ingested by humans. 5. Link to E-Waste Pollution o Sourced from discarded electronic casings, cables, and appliances. o Improper disposal releases toxic chemicals into air and water, worsening pollution. 6. Landfill and Incineration Issues o Low recycling rates mean most black plastic is dumped in landfills or incinerated. o Incineration releases dioxins and furans, which are carcinogens and endocrine disruptors.   D.) India-UAE CEPA (Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement) Why in News? India-UAE CEPA, signed on 18th February 2022, came into effect on 1st May 2022. It is India’s first full-fledged Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in a decade and has significantly boosted bilateral trade. Background • CEPA covers Trade in Goods and Services, Pharmaceuticals, IPR, and Investments. • Aims to eliminate tariffs, provide preferential market access, and enhance trade liberalization between the two nations. Significance of CEPA • Boosts trade: Targets US$100 billion in goods trade and US$15 billion in services trade over the next five years. • Employment generation: Expected to create over 1 million jobs for Indian workers. • Zero-duty access: Provides 90% tariff-free exports from UAE to India, benefiting petrochemicals, aluminum, and copper industries. • Support for Indian industries: Helps labour-intensive sectors such as textiles and engineering goods. • Access to GCC markets: Strengthens India's export reach to Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations. Progress under CEPA • Bilateral trade: Increased from USD 43.3 billion (FY 2020-21) to USD 83.7 billion (FY 2023-24). • Export growth: Non-oil exports reached USD 27.4 billion in FY 2023-24, led by refined crude, gems & jewellery, high-tech goods, and chemicals. • MSME benefits: Bharat Mart in Dubai facilitates Indian MSME exports and enhances global trade access. India-UAE Bilateral Relations • Diplomatic ties: Established in 1972. • Trade: UAE is India’s 3rd largest trading partner and 2nd largest export destination (exports at US$35.62 billion in FY 2023-24). • Defence cooperation: Includes bilateral air force exercise "Desert Eagle" and joint military exercise "Desert Cyclone". E.) The Battle of Karnal (1739) and Nadir Shah’s Invasion Why in News? The Battle of Karnal on February 24, 1739, was a pivotal moment in Indian history, where Persian emperor Nadir Shah decisively defeated the Mughal forces led by Muhammad Shah Rangila. This battle marked the beginning of the end for the Mughal Empire. Background • Nadir Shah, founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran, invaded India after conquering Kandahar in 1738. • His army defeated the Mughals in under three hours at Karnal (present-day Haryana), just 125 km from Delhi. • Delhi was sacked, its treasury looted, and thousands massacred. • The Peacock Throne and Koh-i-Noor diamond were taken to Persia, marking a significant loss for the Mughal Empire. Key Takeaways: Decline of the Mughal Empire 1. Structural Weaknesses The Mughal Empire’s decline was not just due to weak rulers but also deeper economic and administrative failures. 2. Excessive Tax Burden on Peasantry • Historian Irfan Habib (The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1963) argues that high taxes led to peasant revolts, forcing even higher taxation to fund military campaigns, creating a vicious cycle of economic distress. 3. Overexpansion of Mughal Nobility • M. Athar Ali (The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb, 1966) highlights how a bloated nobility led to corruption, infighting, and inefficiency due to a shortage of jagirs (land revenue assignments). 4. Religious Policies under Aurangzeb • Jadunath Sarkar argues that Aurangzeb’s oppressive religious policies alienated Hindus, Sikhs, Jats, and Rajputs, leading to widespread rebellions. Nadir Shah’s Invasion By Aurangzeb’s time, the Mughal Empire was already weakened by: • Marathas in the south, • Ahoms in the east, • Jats, Rajputs, Bundelas, and Sikhs in the north and west. Nadir Shah, often called the “Napoleon of Persia”, seized the opportunity. • Route of invasion: Entered through the Khyber Pass, like previous invaders (Alexander, Timur). • Mughal Army Strength: 300,000 soldiers, 2,000 war elephants, 3,000 cannons. • Persian Army Strength: 55,000 highly disciplined troops with modern tactics and weapons. The Battle & Aftermath • Mughals were crushed in under three hours. • Muhammad Shah was captured, and the Persians looted Delhi, committing one of the most violent massacres in its history. • Nadir Shah returned to Persia with immense wealth, while the Mughals lost control over much of their empire. Impact on India • Weakened Mughal authority, paving the way for the rise of the Marathas, British, and regional powers. • Economic devastation due to loss of treasury and trade disruptions. • Political instability that led to British colonization in 1857. F.) Strategic Roadmap for India’s Transformation into a High-Income Country Why in News? A recent report outlines a roadmap for India to transition into a high-income country with a projected GDP of $23–$35 trillion in the coming decades. Key Highlights of the Report 1. Sustained GDP Growth • Targeted GDP growth of 8%–10% through: o Export-led economic expansion o A diverse and skilled workforce o Innovation-driven industrial growth 2. Sectoral Shift in Economic Growth • Services and manufacturing projected to grow at 10%. • Agriculture to expand at around 6% through modernization and technological integration. 3. Renewable Energy Transition • India’s share of renewable energy in overall electricity generation expected to rise from 24% (2023) to 70% (2047). • Key focus on solar, wind, and small modular reactors (SMRs) for energy security. Key Enabling Sectors Driving Growth 1. Electronics & Semiconductor Industry • Near-term focus: AI-driven product simulations. • Long-term vision: Design of quantum computers and brain-inspired neuromorphic chips. 2. Energy Sector • Investment in Microgrids and Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) for sustainable energy expansion. 3. Chemical Industry • AI-driven molecular design and customized formulations based on consumer demand. • Global Benchmark: China’s chemical parks model for manufacturing consolidation. 4. Automotive Industry • Transition to Electric Vehicles (EVs) and solid-state battery technology for next-gen mobility solutions. 5. Services Sector • Finance & Banking: Blockchain-enabled transactions for greater security and efficiency. • Healthcare: Immersive telepresence treatment for remote medical consultations. Key Recommendations For the Government: • Building export-oriented infrastructure to boost India’s role in global trade. • Strengthening India-centric trade agreements with blocs like ASEAN, EU, etc. to drive international collaboration. For Corporates: • Investing in integrated foundational technology layers for industrial automation and digital transformation. • Example: Implementing real-time data-driven systems on factory floors for enhanced efficiency and production monitoring. Conclusion This roadmap provides a clear strategic direction for India’s economic transformation, emphasizing high-growth sectors, technological advancements, and international trade. With sustained reforms and investments, India could emerge as a global economic powerhouse in the coming decades.

Exam Time Daily Current Affairs

2/28/2025, 3:46:58 PM

28th FEBRUARY, 2025 A.) National Science Day Why in News? National Science Day is celebrated on February 28 each year to recognize the contributions of Indian scientists. It marks the discovery of the Raman Effect by C.V. Raman on February 28, 1928, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. Background India has a rich scientific heritage, with significant contributions from ancient times in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, metallurgy, and engineering. National Science Day is an occasion to honor these contributions and promote scientific awareness. Details • The Indian Origin of Zero: o Brahmagupta (6th–7th century C.E.) first defined zero and its properties. o Introduced negative numbers and basic rules for their calculations. • Decimal System: o India developed the decimal numeral system, which later spread through Arab scholars to Europe. o Arabs referred to mathematics as “Hindisat” (Indian Art). • Kanad’s Atomic Theory: o Kanad, a 6th-century philosopher, proposed that matter is composed of kanas (atoms). o He stated that these particles are indivisible and indestructible, similar to modern atomic theory. • Earthquake Cloud Theory: o Varahamihira (6th century) in Brihat Samhita explained earthquakes based on:  Planetary movements  Underground water and activities  Unusual cloud formations and animal behavior • Heliocentric Theory: o Aryabhata (5th century) identified the position of nine planets and that they revolve around the Sun. o He contributed to the place value system and trigonometry. • Cyclic Method in Algebra: o Bhaskaracharya introduced the Chakrawat Method (Cyclic Method) for solving algebraic equations. • Medicine & Ayurveda: o Charaka (Charaka Samhita) described numerous diseases, their causes, and treatments. o First to emphasize digestion, metabolism, and immunity in maintaining health. • Metallurgy: o Iron Pillar of Delhi—evidence of advanced metallurgy, showing rust-resistant iron. o Wootz steel, known for durability and strength, originated in India. • Surgery: o Sushruta, known as the "Father of Surgery," contributed extensively to surgery, including plastic surgery and human anatomy (Sushruta Samhita). • Yoga: o Patanjali compiled the Yoga Sutras, a foundational text on physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. Conclusion National Science Day serves as a reminder of India’s scientific achievements and aims to promote a scientific temper among students and researchers.   B.) NASA’s Lunar Trailblazer and IM-2 Mission Why in News? A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket recently launched NASA’s Lunar Trailblazer orbiter as a secondary payload, while the primary payload was Intuitive Machines' lunar lander mission (IM-2). Background • IM-2 Mission: Aims to land on the Moon and drill beneath the surface to search for water ice. • Lunar Trailblazer Mission: A NASA-led mission designed to study the distribution and nature of water on the Moon. Details Lunar Trailblazer Mission • Objective: o Orbit at 100 km altitude to capture high-resolution images of targeted areas. o Study the form, distribution, and abundance of water on the Moon. o Understand the lunar water cycle for future exploration. • Significance: o Helps guide future human missions to locate and extract water resources. • Key Instruments: 1. Lunar Thermal Mapper (LTM) – Maps and measures lunar surface temperature. 2. High-resolution Volatiles and Minerals Moon Mapper (HVM3) – Detects water presence through light patterns. Importance of Lunar Water 1. Drinking Supply – Can be processed into drinkable water for astronauts. 2. Breathable Oxygen – Water molecules can be split into oxygen for breathing. 3. Rocket Fuel – Hydrogen from water can be used as fuel for rockets. 4. Deep Space Exploration – Availability of lunar water enables missions to Mars and beyond. Conclusion The IM-2 and Lunar Trailblazer missions are crucial steps in lunar resource utilization and long-term space exploration.   C.) Curbing Proxy Leadership in Panchayati Raj Why in News? A panel constituted by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR) has recommended “exemplary penalties” for cases of proxy leadership (e.g., ‘Pradhan Pati,’ ‘Sarpanch Pati,’ ‘Mukhiya Pati’) to ensure women’s effective participation in local governance. Background • India has 2.63 lakh panchayats across three tiers: o Gram Panchayat (village level) o Panchayat Samiti (block level) o Zila Parishad (district level) • Out of 32.29 lakh elected representatives, 46.6% (15.03 lakh) are women. • Despite high representation, many women face proxy leadership, where male relatives (husbands, fathers, or brothers) exert control over decision-making. Details Key Recommendations of the Panel 1. Structural Reforms to Ensure Women’s Leadership o Gender-exclusive quotas in panchayat subject committees and ward-level committees (e.g., Kerala model). o Annual awards for Anti-Pradhan Pati Champions. o Women’s Ombudspersons to address complaints. o Public swearing-in ceremonies for women leaders. o Federation of Women Panchayat Leaders for collective support. o Gender Resource Centres for leadership training, legal advice, and support networks. 2. Technological Interventions o Virtual Reality (VR) simulation training for women leaders. o AI-powered governance guidance in vernacular languages. o WhatsApp groups linking Women Elected Representatives (WERs) with panchayat and block officials. o Panchayat Nirnay Portal to allow citizens to track elected pradhans’ participation. 3. Accountability & Oversight Mechanisms o Helplines and watchdog committees for confidential complaints. o Whistleblower rewards for verified cases of proxy leadership. Conclusion The panel’s recommendations aim to strengthen women’s actual leadership in Panchayati Raj institutions by eliminating proxy participation and ensuring effective governance at the grassroots level. D.) Chandrayaan-3’s Lunar Map and Key Discoveries Why in News? Researchers from ISRO and other institutions have created the first detailed lunar map using data from the Pragyan rover, which was deployed by Vikram lander during Chandrayaan-3's nine-day mission. Background • Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram lander successfully landed near the South Pole-Aitken Basin, one of the largest impact craters in the Solar System. • The mission provided valuable insights into the Moon’s geology and history. Details Key Findings from Chandrayaan-3’s Lunar South Pole Exploration 1. Terrain Types o The region consists of an undulating landscape with highlands and flat plains. 2. Confirmation of Subsurface Magma Ocean o Evidence suggests the Moon once had an ancient ocean of molten lava spread across its surface. 3. Age of the Lunar South Pole o Estimated to be around 3.7 billion years old, roughly when microbial life first emerged on Earth. 4. A Common Origin with Earth o The Moon’s geochemical composition is similar to Earth’s, supporting the theory that:  Both formed from the same molten material.  Possibly resulted from a massive collision between Earth and a Mars-sized body (~4.5 billion years ago). Significance of Lunar Craters • Preserved History: Lunar craters remain unchanged for billions of years due to the lack of atmosphere. • Insight into Solar System Evolution: Craters provide clues about the early history of the Solar System. • Dating Geological Features: They help in estimating the age of planetary surfaces across the Solar System. • Time Capsules: Lunar craters act as records of asteroid impacts, helping us understand how cosmic events shaped planets. Conclusion Chandrayaan-3’s findings enhance our understanding of the Moon’s history and its connection to Earth, paving the way for future lunar exploration and resource utilization.   E.) COP16 Agreement on Global Biodiversity Financing Why in News? World leaders at the 16th Conference of the Parties (COP16) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Rome have reached a historic agreement on financing global conservation goals. Background • COP16 resumed in Rome on February 25, 2025, after being paused in Cali, Colombia, in 2024. • Officials finalized an agreement following intense negotiations on biodiversity conservation funding. Details Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) • Established in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro and entered into force on December 29, 1993. • Ratified by 196 parties, including 195 countries and the European Union, making it one of the most widely accepted environmental agreements. Three Pillars of the CBD 1. Conservation of Biological Diversity o Protects ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity from threats like habitat destruction, pollution, climate change, and invasive species. 2. Sustainable Use of Biological Resources o Ensures that biological resources (forests, fisheries, wildlife) are used responsibly to prevent depletion. 3. Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits from Genetic Resources o Ensures that countries and communities providing genetic resources (used in medicines, agriculture, biotechnology) receive fair compensation. Supplementary Agreements under the CBD 1. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2003) o Regulates the safe handling, transport, and use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to prevent risks to biodiversity. 2. Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing (2010) o Provides a framework to fairly distribute benefits from genetic resources, ensuring recognition and compensation for resource providers. 3. Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (2022) o Adopted at COP15 in Montreal, setting ambitious goals for 2030 and 2050 to halt and reverse biodiversity loss. o Key Targets:  Protect 30% of land and oceans by 2030.  Restore degraded ecosystems worldwide.  Increase global financial support for conservation efforts. Conclusion The COP16 agreement strengthens global financial commitments for biodiversity protection, aligning with the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework to ensure a sustainable and equitable future for all. F.) Centre Withholds Funds for Tamil Nadu Over Three-Language Policy Why in News? The Central Government has withheld funds for Tamil Nadu under the Samagra Shiksha scheme and India’s maritime infrastructure scheme due to the state's refusal to implement the three-language policy mandated by the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Background • Tamil Nadu follows a two-language policy (Tamil and English), rejecting the three-language formula. • The state's resistance is rooted in its long-standing opposition to Hindi imposition, a sentiment dating back to the anti-Hindi agitations of the 1960s. About the Three-Language Policy Objective • Promotes multilingualism and enhances national integration. • Students must learn three languages, with at least two being native Indian languages. • States and students can decide the specific languages. Evolution of the Policy 1. University Education Commission (1948-49) o Led by Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, it laid the foundation for the three-language formula. 2. Kothari Commission (1964-66) o Formally proposed the three-language formula to balance regional and national linguistic needs. Tamil Nadu’s Stand • The state follows a two-language formula (Tamil and English). • Successive Tamil Nadu governments have opposed Hindi as a compulsory subject. • The policy has been a key political issue in the state, shaping language-based identity politics. Implications of Withholding Funds • Could affect the state's educational development, especially in school infrastructure and maritime education. • May escalate Centre-State tensions over language policy and federalism. Conclusion The Centre’s move underscores the continued debate over language policy in India. While the three-language formula aims to promote linguistic diversity, Tamil Nadu’s opposition reflects deeper historical and political concerns over language imposition and regional identity.

Exam Time Daily Current Affairs

2/19/2025, 3:11:35 PM

19th FEBRUARY, 2025 A.) Deposit Insurance Cover Increase Why in News? The government is considering raising the insurance cover for bank deposits beyond the current limit of ₹5 lakh. Background • Deposit insurance was introduced in India in 1962. • The coverage has been enhanced six times, from ₹1,500 per depositor to ₹5 lakh. Details Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC): • A subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) responsible for insuring bank deposits. • Protects small depositors in case of bank failure. Coverage and Scope: • Provides insurance cover of ₹5 lakh per depositor, covering savings, fixed, current, and recurring deposits. • Insures all commercial banks, foreign bank branches in India, local area banks, regional rural banks, and cooperative banks (excluding primary cooperative societies). • Does not cover deposits of foreign, central, and state governments, or inter-bank deposits. • Premiums for deposit insurance are paid by the insured banks. Functioning of Insurance Coverage: • Legal Framework: In 2021, Section 18A was added to the DICGC Act, 1961, ensuring depositors receive interim payments within 90 days if RBI imposes restrictions on a bank. • Claim Settlement: o If a depositor has ₹4,99,800 (₹4,90,000 principal + ₹9,800 interest), the full amount is insured. o If the principal exceeds ₹5 lakh, interest is not covered. o In case of bank liquidation, DICGC settles claims within two months of receiving the liquidator’s list. B.) Water Gaps and India’s Water Crisis Why in News? A report highlights the growing global and India-specific water gaps—differences between renewable water availability and consumption—due to climate change, overuse, and poor management. Background • Water gaps exist across all continents, totaling 458 billion cubic meters per year. • Rising global temperatures will worsen water shortages, though some regions may benefit from changing precipitation patterns. Details Global Water Gap Findings • Climate change will intensify water stress, especially at 1.5°C and 3°C warming scenarios. • Some countries, like Nigeria, may see reduced water gaps due to increased rainfall. India-Specific Findings • India, along with the US and China, faces the largest water gaps. • Warming scenarios project significant increases in water gaps, particularly in the Ganges-Brahmaputra and Godavari river basins. Status of Water Resources in India • India has 18% of the global population but only 4% of its water resources. • Over 600 million people already face severe water shortages. • By 2030, water demand is projected to double available supply, potentially leading to a 6% GDP loss (NITI Aayog). Factors Driving the Water Crisis • Overpopulation & Over-extraction of groundwater. • Water contamination & pollution. • Poor water management & inefficient usage. • Climate change & unpredictable rainfall patterns. Measures Undertaken for Water Conservation 1. National Water Mission – Promotes integrated water resource management to conserve water and minimize wastage. 2. Atal Bhujal Yojana – Focuses on sustainable groundwater management through community participation. 3. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) – Aims to improve farm water efficiency and promote sustainable irrigation practices. 4. National Hydrology Project – Enhances water resource management through improved monitoring and data collection. India’s water crisis requires urgent policy interventions, sustainable management practices, and community participation to ensure long-term water security.   C.) PM Modi's Visit to ITER, France Why in News? Prime Minister Narendra Modi, during his visit to France for an AI summit, toured the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) in Cadarache, marking the first visit by a Head of State or Government to the facility. Background • ITER is an international project aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of nuclear fusion as a large-scale and carbon-free energy source. • It is one of the most ambitious energy projects globally, with 33 nations, including India, collaborating. Details What is ITER? • ITER stands for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. • It is a magnetic fusion device designed to replicate the process that powers the Sun and stars. • The project is currently under construction in Cadarache, France. Key Features of ITER • Seven core members: China, India, the European Union, Japan, Korea, Russia, and the United States. • Expected to start deuterium-tritium fusion reactions by 2039, producing 500 MW of fusion power. • ITER itself will not generate electricity, but it will serve as a proof-of-concept for future commercial fusion power plants. Scientific and Energy Significance • ITER’s primary goal is to demonstrate "burning plasmas", where helium nuclei from fusion maintain the high temperatures needed for the reaction, reducing reliance on external heating. • Success in magnetic confinement fusion could lead to clean, limitless energy, reducing dependence on fossil fuels. PM Modi’s visit highlights India’s role in advanced energy research and strengthens global collaboration in fusion energy development. D.) India-Qatar Relations: Strengthening Strategic Partnership Why in News? During the state visit of the Amir of Qatar to India, both countries elevated their partnership, focusing on trade, energy, investments, technology, food security, and people-to-people ties. The goal is to double bilateral trade to $28 billion in five years. Background • India and Qatar share strong diplomatic, economic, and cultural ties. • Qatar is a key energy supplier to India, and the nations collaborate on defense, trade, and investment. Details Key Outcomes of the Visit 1. MoUs Signed: o Double taxation avoidance and fiscal evasion prevention. o Business and investment cooperation through agreements between:  Qatari Businessmen Association & Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).  Invest Qatar & Invest India to enhance trade and investment. India-Qatar Ties Economic Ties • Bilateral trade: $14.08 billion (2023-24), with India having a trade deficit. • India is among Qatar’s top three export destinations and a key import source (2022-23). Energy Cooperation • Qatar is India's largest LNG supplier, accounting for over 40% of India's LNG imports. Defense Relations • India-Qatar Defense Cooperation Agreement extended for five years (2018). • Joint naval exercise: Za’ir Al Bahr. • India participates in Doha International Maritime Defense Exhibition and Conference (DIMDEX). Cultural Relations • Cooperation under the 2012 Agreement on Cultural Cooperation. • The Indian Cultural Centre actively promotes cultural exchanges in Qatar. People-to-People Ties • The Indian community in Qatar is over 830,000, contributing to strong cultural and economic ties. Conclusion The visit strengthened strategic cooperation, enhancing trade, investment, energy, defense, and cultural ties, reinforcing India-Qatar relations for long-term growth.   E.) India’s First Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) Why in News? India is in the final stages of preparing its first-ever Biannual Transparency Report (BTR) under the Paris Agreement’s Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF). Background • The Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) is a reporting mechanism established under the Paris Agreement (2015) to enhance transparency in climate action. • All signatories of the Paris Agreement must submit BTRs to provide updates on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, climate actions, and adaptation efforts. • Countries started submitting BTRs in 2024 (COP in Baku). However, several nations, including India, missed the December 2024 deadline. Details Key Takeaways • India’s BTR will present an official record of: o Greenhouse gas emissions inventory (sources and key sectors). o Steps taken to improve energy efficiency. o Transition to renewable energy sources. o Availability of required resources for climate mitigation. • Unlike previous National Communications and Biennial Update Reports (BURs), the BTR will undergo technical review by independent, UNFCCC-accredited international experts. Key Components of the BTR 1. National Inventory Report (NIR): o A detailed account of GHG emissions and removals. 2. Progress on Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): o Updates on India’s commitments to reduce emissions. 3. Policies and Measures: o Information on government strategies to combat climate change. 4. Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation: o Observed climate impacts and adaptation actions taken. 5. Support Provided and Received: o Details on financial, technological, and capacity-building assistance. 6. Capacity-Building Needs and Areas for Improvement: o Identifies gaps where India needs more support for effective climate action. Conclusion India’s BTR will strengthen climate accountability and demonstrate its commitment to climate action, transparency, and global cooperation under the Paris Agreement.   F.) Peatlands and Their Significance Why in News? A recent study has highlighted the limited protection of peatlands, despite their crucial role in carbon storage, biodiversity conservation, and climate regulation. What are Peatlands? • Peatlands are terrestrial wetland ecosystems where waterlogged conditions prevent plant material from fully decomposing. • This leads to an accumulation of organic matter, forming peat over time. Key Findings of the Study 1. Limited Protection of Peatlands • Only 17% of global peatlands fall under protected areas. • Strict protection covers just half of these protected peatlands. 2. Variation in Protection Across Biomes • Boreal Peatlands: Only 16% protected. • Temperate Peatlands: 27% protected. • Tropical Peatlands: 27% protected, but only 8% under strict protection. 3. Regional and Country-Level Disparities • China and India have higher peatland protection compared to other nations. 4. Peatlands Are Underprotected Compared to Other Ecosystems • Mangroves: 42% protected. • Salt Marshes: 50% protected. • Tropical Forests: 38% protected. Significance of Peatlands 1. Largest Carbon Store on Land o Peatlands cover just 3% of Earth's land surface but store more carbon than all forests combined. 2. Natural Buffer o Act as natural water filters and provide protection against floods and droughts. 3. Biodiversity Conservation & Livelihood Protection o Habitat for freshwater fish and endangered species. o Supports local communities by providing food, fuel, and resources. Threats to Peatlands 1. Drainage and Land Conversion o Damaged peatlands contribute to 5% of global CO₂ emissions. 2. Overgrazing o In mountainous regions, excessive grazing damages peatlands. 3. Peat Extraction o Used for fuel and horticulture, leading to habitat destruction. Initiatives for Peatland Conservation 1. Global Peatland Initiative (UNEP) o A UN-led initiative for accelerating conservation efforts worldwide. 2. Ramsar Convention (1971) o An international treaty focused on wetland conservation, including peatlands. 3. Wetlands Rejuvenation Programme (India, 2020) o Launched by MoEFCC to restore 500+ wetlands across India. 4. Amrit Dharohar Scheme (Union Budget 2023-24) o Aims at optimizing wetland utilization while ensuring conservation. Conclusion Peatlands play a vital role in climate mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and disaster resilience. Strengthening legal protection, restoration efforts, and sustainable management is essential for preserving these crucial ecosystems.

Exam Time Daily Current Affairs

2/18/2025, 5:25:54 PM

18th FEBRUARY, 2025 A.) U.S. Policy Shift on Taiwan Why in News? The U.S. State Department recently removed a statement from its Taiwan page that previously mentioned not supporting Taiwan’s independence, signaling a potential shift in U.S. policy. Background • The United States has no formal diplomatic ties with Taiwan but remains its strongest international backer. • The One-China policy recognizes Beijing as the sole legal government of China, though the U.S. provides Taiwan with military support and maintains unofficial relations. About Taiwan • Geography: Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (RoC), is an island in the western Pacific Ocean, separated from mainland China by the Taiwan Strait. • Neighbors: Japan (northeast), the Philippines (south), and mainland China (west). • Seismic Activity: Lies on the Pacific "Ring of Fire," making it prone to earthquakes. History of Taiwan • 1600s: Briefly controlled by the Dutch and Spanish. • 1684: Incorporated into China’s Qing dynasty as part of Fujian province. • 1895: Became a Japanese colony after China’s defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War. • 1945: Returned to the Republic of China after Japan’s defeat in WWII. • 1949: The Republic of China (RoC) government fled to Taiwan after losing the Chinese Civil War to Mao Zedong’s Communist forces, which established the People’s Republic of China (PRC). • 1971: The UN recognized the PRC as the sole representative of China, expelling Taiwan (RoC). Current Status of Taiwan • Taiwan operates as a de facto independent state with its own government, military, passport, and currency, though not widely recognized as an independent country. • Only 12 countries have formal diplomatic relations with Taiwan, mostly small developing nations. • U.S. Relations: The U.S. maintains unofficial ties and supports Taiwan militarily. • India-Taiwan Relations: India does not officially recognize Taiwan but maintains unofficial relations through: o India-Taipei Association (ITA) in Taipei. o Taipei Economic and Cultural Center (TECC) in New Delhi. B.) Delhi Earthquake and In-Situ Material Heterogeneity Why in News? A recent earthquake in Delhi was classified as an intra-plate event, unlike the usual Himalayan quakes caused by plate tectonics. It resulted from in-situ material heterogeneity and had a shallow depth of 5 km, making the tremors more intense. Earthquakes Due to In-Situ Material Heterogeneity • Definition: Seismic activity caused by natural variations in the physical properties of the Earth's crust, such as rock type and fluid presence in rock pores. • Formation: These heterogeneities create stress concentrations, increasing the likelihood of earthquakes. • Influence on Faults: Stress buildup in fault zones due to in-situ heterogeneity raises earthquake risks. Why is Delhi Earthquake-Prone? • Seismic Zone: Delhi falls under Seismic Zone IV, the second-highest in India. • Plate Movement: Delhi is close to the Indian-Eurasian Plate collision zone, with the Indian Plate moving northward at 5 cm/year, creating stress along fault lines. • Fault Systems: o Delhi-Haridwar Ridge (an extension of the Indian Plate) o Aravalli Fault System (a deep-seated geological structure) • Soil Type: The soft alluvial soil of the Indo-Gangetic Plain amplifies seismic waves, increasing damage potential. About Shallow Earthquakes • Definition: Earthquakes occurring at a depth of 0 to 70 km within the Earth's crust. • Comparison: o Intermediate earthquakes: Depth of 70 to 300 km. o Deep earthquakes: Depth of 300 to 700 km. • Impact: Shallow earthquakes cause more destruction due to their proximity to the Earth's surface.   C.) Haryana’s Aravali Safari Park Project Why in News? The Haryana government’s 3,858-hectare Aravali Safari Park project in Gurugram and Nuh is planned to be the world’s largest safari park. However, it has faced strong opposition from environmentalists and retired forest officers. Background • A group of 37 retired Indian Forest Service officers have written to the Prime Minister seeking to scrap the project, arguing that it aims to increase tourism rather than conserve the Aravali mountain range. Key Takeaways • The Aravali hills in Gurugram and Nuh are part of the oldest fold mountain range in the world. • The Aravali range extends from Champaner in Gujarat to Delhi, covering approximately 690 km. • Ecological significance: o Prevents desertification by stopping the spread of the Thar Desert eastward. o Acts as an aquifer, allowing water percolation and groundwater recharge due to its fractured rock formations. Laws Protecting Aravali 1. Punjab Land Preservation Act (PLPA), 1900 o Sections 4 and 5 restrict deforestation and non-agricultural land use in the hills. 2. Indian Forest Act o 24,000 hectares of Aravali land has been declared Protected Forest, offsetting forest land diversion in the Nicobar Islands. 3. T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad Judgment (1996) o Provides legal protection to forest lands based on their dictionary definition, covering areas not notified as forests. 4. Regional Plan-2021 (National Capital Region) o Designates Aravali and forest areas as Natural Conservation Zones (NCZ). o Limits construction to 0.5% of the total land.   D.) MCGS-MSME Scheme Why in News? The MCGS-MSME Scheme facilitates term loans up to Rs. 100 crore for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) from Eligible Lending Institutions (ELIs), aiming to enhance credit access and support economic growth. Salient Features of MCGS-MSME • Trust/Fund: o The Mutual Credit Guarantee Fund-MSME (MCGF-MSME) manages the scheme, formed by the Department of Financial Services (DFS), Ministry of Finance, and is managed by the National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company Limited (NCGTC). • Guarantee Coverage: o Provides 60% guarantee coverage by NCGTC to Member Lending Institutions (MLIs) for loans sanctioned under MCGS-MSME. • Member Lending Institutions (MLIs): o Includes financial institutions such as commercial banks and non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) registered with NCGTC under the scheme. • Eligible Borrower: o Must be an MSME with valid Udyam Registration. o Should not be a Non-Performing Asset (NPA) with any lender. o Minimum 75% of project cost must be for equipment/machinery. • Duration of the Scheme: o Available for 4 years or until Rs. 7 lakh crore in guarantees are issued, whichever comes first. Impact of MCGS-MSME • Boost to Manufacturing: o Enhances credit access for MSMEs, allowing them to expand and upgrade equipment. • Support for Make in India: o Strengthens domestic manufacturing, increasing its GDP share towards 25%. • Global Competitiveness: o Helps MSMEs scale up operations, positioning India as a key player in the global supply chain. E.) Chinese Scientists Achieve Plasma at 100 Million Degrees C Why in News? Chinese scientists reported successfully maintaining plasma at a temperature of 100 million degrees Celsius for approximately 1,066 seconds in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), marking a significant step towards nuclear fusion. Background Nuclear fusion, unlike nuclear fission, does not produce harmful radioactive waste, making it a crucial technological goal globally. The development of a sustainable nuclear fusion reactor could provide a clean and virtually limitless energy source. Challenges of Nuclear Fusion 1. The Tritium Problem: o The main challenge in initiating and sustaining fusion reactions is the energy requirement. o Hydrogen, the lightest nucleus, exists in isotopes: deuterium (one proton, one neutron) and tritium (one proton, two neutrons). o Deuterium-deuterium fusion requires higher temperatures than deuterium-tritium fusion, as the additional neutron in tritium aids in overcoming proton repulsion. o Fusion of deuterium and tritium produces non-radioactive helium-4, a neutron, and 17.6 MeV of energy. o While deuterium is abundant in seawater, tritium is scarce and difficult to produce, primarily generated as a by-product in heavy-water fission reactors. 2. The Temperature Problem: o For nuclei to fuse, they must overcome repulsion due to their positive charges and come within about 1 femtometre (fm) of each other. o High temperatures are required to provide sufficient energy for overcoming this repulsion, enabling nuclei to get close enough for the strong nuclear force to bond them. o Tokamaks, like EAST, are designed as donut-shaped vessels that confine and heat the plasma, facilitating fusion. Importance of EAST • Currently, EAST is not producing electricity and has yet to achieve the milestone known as ignition, where the reactor produces enough heat to sustain fusion reactions independently. • EAST serves as a testbed for ITER, an international megaproject involving six countries and the EU aimed at building a tokamak that can achieve self-sustaining nuclear fusion. • The successes of EAST are critical for ITER's future, especially given concerns over ITER's delayed timelines and significant cost overruns, making it potentially the most expensive science experiment in history. F.) Fair Trial: Importance and Principles Why in News The Supreme Court recently identified significant lapses in a trial, particularly highlighting the failure to ensure competent legal representation for the appellant. This situation raised concerns about the denial of a fair trial and the necessity for effective legal aid, as emphasized in the case Anokhilal v. State of M.P. (2019). Background A fair trial is recognized as a fundamental human right that safeguards individuals within the legal system. The Supreme Court asserted that legal aid must be "effective and meaningful," not merely a formality, in line with the protections guaranteed under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Details What is a Fair Trial? A fair trial ensures that individuals are treated justly within the legal framework, protecting against unlawful deprivation of human rights and safeguarding fundamental freedoms. Principles of Fair Trial: 1. Presumption of Innocence o State of U.P. v. Naresh: Every accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty, placing the burden of proof on the prosecution. 2. Independent Judiciary o Shyam Singh v. State of Rajasthan; Article 50: Judges must operate free from executive influence to ensure impartiality in the judiciary. 3. Speedy Trial o Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar; Article 21: Delays in trial proceedings violate the right to life and liberty, emphasizing the need for timely justice. 4. Protection Against Double Jeopardy o Article 20(2): No individual can be tried or punished twice for the same offense, ensuring legal certainty and protection from repeated prosecution. International Human Rights Law on Fair Trial: 1. Equality Before Tribunal o Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 10: Everyone has the right to a fair, public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal. 2. Right to Appeal o International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 14: Individuals convicted have the right to seek a review of their conviction by a higher court. 3. Rome Statute (2002): o Ensures that those accused of serious crimes against humanity are entitled to basic legal protections, reinforcing the significance of a fair trial internationally. Conclusion The principles of a fair trial are crucial for upholding justice and the rule of law. The Supreme Court's recent observations underscore the importance of effective legal representation to ensure every individual's right to a fair hearing is protected.