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UPPCS 2025 Notification Brief Advertisement Application - Starts from 20 February 2025


*🛡️FAULTS* ♟️When the crustal rocks are displaced, due to tensional movement caused by the endogenetic forces, along a plane the resultant structure is called Fault. ♟️The plane along which the rock blocks are displaced is called fault plane. ♟️Important terms related to faults ♟️Fault plane is that plane along which the rock blocks are displaced by tensional and compressional forces acting vertically and horizontally to form a fault. ♟️A fault plane may be vertical, inclined, horizontal, curved or of any other form. ♟️Fault dip is the angle between the fault plane and horizontal plane.

🛡️𝗥𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗡𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝘆𝗰𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗲 1. Typhoons - China Sea 2. Tropical Cyclones - Indian Ocean 3. Hurricanes - Caribbean Sea 4. Tornadoes - USA 5. Willy Willies - Northern Australia 6. Baguio - Philippines 7. Taifu - Japan

*🛡️Ashtamudi lake* ♟️It is located in Kollam district of Kerala. ♟️It is a unique wetland ecosystem and a large palm-shaped (also described as octopus-shaped) water body. ♟️It is also called the gateway to the backwaters of Kerala. ♟️It was included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention. ♟️Ashtamudi Estuary is the deepest among all the estuaries in Kerala.

*🛡️China’s Mega-Dam Project* ♟️Capacity:- 60 GW (14th Five-Year Plan, for 2021–2025); Three times the capacity of China’s current Three Gorges Dam. ♟️China aims to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. ♟️Cost: About $137 Bn. ♟️Location:- At the Great Bend, where the Brahmaputra river takes a U-turn, in the Medog county of the Tibetan Autonomous Region. ♟️China has previously constructed significant dams like the Three Gorges Dam (Yangtze) and Zangmu Dam (Yarlung Zangbo). 💎Yarlung Tsangpo (Zangbo) River ♟️It originates in Tibet, and enters Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Siang. ♟️In Assam, it is joined by tributaries such as Dibang and Lohit, and is called the Brahmaputra. ♟️The river then enters Bangladesh, and makes its way to the Bay of Bengal. ♟️The main river does not flow through Bhutan, but 96% of the country’s area is within the basin.

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*🛡️The Types of Mountain* 💎 *Based on Mode of Origin* ♟️ *Volcanic Mountains* Formed by the eruption of magma from the Earth's crust, creating peaks like those in Hawaii and Fiji. ♟️ *Fold Mountains* Created by the collision and folding of tectonic plates, such as the Himalayas and the Andes. ♟️ *Block Mountains* Formed by faulting and the movement of large blocks of the Earth's crust, leading to raised or dropped sections, like the Sierra Nevada. ♟️ *Dome Mountains* Created by magma pushing the Earth's crust upward, forming a dome-like structure, often exposed after erosion like Black Hills (US). ♟️ *Plateau Mountains* These mountains resemble dome mountains but are formed by colliding tectonic plates pushing up the land, shaped by weathering and erosion. 💎 *Based on Period of Origin* ♟️ *Precambrian Mountains* Precambrian mountains are ancient ranges formed during the Precambrian era (4.6 billion to 541 million years ago). They have experienced extensive erosion and metamorphism over billions of years, leaving behind residual formations (e.g., Aravallis in India). ♟️ *Caledonian Mountains* Formed around 430 million years ago (e.g., Appalachians). ♟️ *Hercynian Mountains* These mountains originated from the Carboniferous to Permian Period (approximately 340 million years and 225 million years) (e.g., Ural Mountains). ♟️ *Alpine Mountains* The youngest mountain systems formed during the Tertiary period(66 million years ago) (e.g., Himalayas, Alps).

*Important Channels* *6 deg. channel:* Separates Nicobar & Sumatra (Indonesia). *8 deg. channel:* Separates Lakshadweep and Maldives. *9 deg. channel:* Separates Minicoy & other Lakshadweep islands. *10 deg. channel:* Separates Andaman & Nicobar. *11 deg. channel:* In Lakshadweep, separated Amini & Cannanore. *Duncan Channel:* Separates South Andaman & Little Andaman. *Coco Channel:* Separates Andaman and Coco island (Myanmar).