APO Preparation

APO Preparation

5/31/2025, 1:58:38 AM

*🛡️Constitutional bodies in India* ♟️Attorney General of India ♟️National Commission for Scheduled Castes, ♟️National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, ♟️National Commission for Backward Classes, etc. *🛡️Statutory Bodies in India* ♟️National Commission for Women ♟️Central Vigilance Commission ♟️National Green Tribunal

APO Preparation

6/14/2025, 1:59:02 AM

⚖️ *Latest Legal Updates* ⚖️ *👉 Batlanki Keshav (Kesava) Kumar Anurag v. State of Telangana & Anr, 2025 SC* The Supreme Court quashed the rape case, citing the complainant's manipulative conduct and abuse of legal process. 👉 *Manzoor Ahmad Wani v. Ayaz Ahmad Raina, 2025 Jammu & Kashmir HC* The Court held that “sufficient grounds” under Order XXIII Rule 1(3)(b) Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC) must be interpreted broadly to allow withdrawal and refiling of suits in the interest of justice. 👉 *Under Armour INC v. Anish Agarwal, 2025 Delhi HC* The Court held that anti dissection rule is not inconsistent with ascertaining if the competing marks are similar by taking note of the dominant parts. 👉 *Saurabh Bhatnagar v. State of H.P. 2025 Himachal Pradesh HC* The Court stated that trial courts must not deviate from the quantity-based sentencing framework prescribed under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS Act), as the Legislature and Central Government have already accounted for the severity of the substance's impact while framing the law. 👉 *M/S Suraj Impex (India) Pvt. Ltd. v. Union of India & Ors. 2025 SC* The Supreme Court held that the CBEC Circular dated 17th September 2010 must be applied retrospectively as it merely clarified existing notifications and did not introduce a new fiscal regime. 👉 *KRB Enterprises & Ors v. M/s KRBL Limited, 2025 Delhi HC* The Court held that for infringement the mark may be used in any other relation whatsoever to such goods. 👉 *State Represented by Inspector of Police, CBI, ACB, Vishakhapatnam v. Eluri Srinivasa Chakravarthi and others, 2025 SC* The Supreme Court held that an accused cannot be discharged under Section 239 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (CrPC) by relying on the materials submitted by the defence instead of relying on the chargesheet and list of documents submitted by the prosecution. 👉 *M/S Patanjali Foods Limited (Formerly Known As M/S Ruchi Soya Industries Ltd.) v. Union of India & Ors. 2025 SC* The Supreme Court held that the encashment of a bank guarantee by the Customs Department does not amount to payment of customs duty; therefore, Section 27 of the Customs Act,1962 and the doctrine of unjust enrichment do not apply, and the amount must be refunded with interest. 👉 *X v. FACT and Others, 2025 Kerala HC* The Court held that denial of public employment solely due to Hepatitis B infection is illegal, arbitrary, and violative of Article 14 of the Constitution of India,1950 (COI), as it amounts to unjust discrimination. 👉 *State v. Neeraj, 2025 Delhi HC* The Court held that the provisions under Chapter XXV including Section 328, 329 and 330 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (CrPC) are couched in mandatory language. Thus, the procedure contemplated therein is mandatory in nature....

APO Preparation

6/2/2025, 3:23:24 AM

*🛡️Features Of Fundamental Duties* ♟️Some of them are moral duties while others are civic duties. For instance, cherishing noble ideals of freedom struggle is a moral precept and respecting the Constitution, National Flag and National Anthem is a civic duty. ♟️They refer to such values which have been a part of the Indian tradition, mythology, religions and practices. ♟️Fundamental Duties are confined to citizens only and do not extend to foreigners. ♟️Fundamental duties are non-justiciable. The Constitution does not provide for their direct enforcement by the courts.

APO Preparation

6/8/2025, 7:53:25 AM

*🛡️LEADER OF THE HOUSE OF THE OPPOSITION* ♟️In each House of Parliament, there is the ‘Leader of the Opposition’. The leader of the largest Opposition party having not less than one-tenth seats of the total strength of the House is recognised as the leader of the Opposition in that House. ♟️In a parliamentary system of government, the leader of the opposition has a significant role to play. His main functions are to provide a constructive criticism of the policies of the government and to provide an alternative government. Therefore, the leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha were accorded statutory recognition in 1977. ♟️They are also entitled to the salary, allowances and other facilities equivalent to that of a cabinet minister. ♟️It was in 1969 that an official leader of the opposition was recognised for the first time. The same functionary in USA is known as the ‘minority leader’.

APO Preparation

5/20/2025, 4:48:14 PM

*🛡️FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS* 💎Part III of the Indian Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights to all the citizens: ♟️(a) Right to Equality (Articles 14–18); ♟️(b) Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22); ♟️(c) Right against Exploitation (Articles 23–24); ♟️(d) Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28); ♟️(e) Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30); and ♟️(f) Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32).

APO Preparation

5/22/2025, 5:11:34 AM

*🛡️Language In Parliament* ♟️The Constitution has declared Hindi and English to be the languages for transacting business in the Parliament. However, the presiding officer can permit a member to address the House in his mother-tongue. In both the Houses, arrangements are made for simultaneous translation. ♟️Though English was to be discontinued as a floor language after the expiration of fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitution (that is, in 1965), the Official Languages Act (1963) allowed English to be continued along with Hindi.

APO Preparation

2/5/2025, 2:44:00 AM

*🛡️Dissolution* ♟️Rajya Sabha, being a permanent House, is not subject to dissolution. Only the Lok Sabha is subject to dissolution. ♟️Unlike a prorogation, a dissolution ends the very life of the existing House, and a new House is constituted after general elections are held. ♟️The dissolution of the Lok Sabha may take place in either of two ways: 1. Automatic dissolution, that is, on the expiry of its tenure of five years or the terms as extended during a national emergency; or 2. Whenever the President decides to dissolve the House, which he is authorised to do. Once the Lok Sabha is dissolved before the completion of its normal tenure, the dissolution is irrevocable.

APO Preparation

2/3/2025, 2:48:19 AM

🛡️ *Appointment Of Judges* ♟️The judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president. ♟️The chief justice is appointed by the president after consultationl with such judges of the Supreme Court and high courts as he deems necessary. ♟️The other judges are appointed by president after consultation with the chief justice and such other judges of the Supreme Court and the high courts as he deems necessary. ♟️The consultation with the chief justice is obligatory in the case of appointment of a judge other than Chief justice.

APO Preparation

2/18/2025, 2:47:10 AM

*🛡️The Income-tax Bill, 2025* *Key Features* ♟️ *Qualitative Improvements* ♟️Simplified language, making the law more accessible. ♟️Consolidation of amendments, reducing fragmentation. ♟️Removal of obsolete and redundant provisions for greater clarity. ♟️Structural rationalization through tables and formulae for improved readability. ♟️Preservation of existing taxation principles, ensuring continuity while enhancing usability. ♟️Crypto as Property: Virtual digital assets such as cryptocurrencies have been included in the definition of property to be counted as a capital asset. ♟️Dispute Resolution: It provides the points of determination, decision, and the reasons behind it, marking a shift from the earlier section, which lacked clarity on the manner of issuing DRP directions. ♟️Capital Gain Exemptions: Section 54E of the Act, which details exemptions for capital gains on transfer of capital assets prior to April 1992 has been removed. ♟️Tax Year: The Bill introduces the concept of “tax year”, which has been defined as the 12-month period beginning April 1.

APO Preparation

2/3/2025, 2:43:42 AM

*🛡️Appointment Of Chief Justice* ♟️From 1950 to 1973, the practice has been to appoint the seniormost judge of the Supreme Court as the chief justice of India. ♟️This established convention was violated in 1973 when A.N. Ray was appointed as the Chief Justice of India by superseding three senior judges. ♟️Again in 1977, M.U. Beg was appointed as the chief justice of India by superseding the then senior-most judge. ♟️This discretion of the government was curtailed by the Supreme Court in the Second Judges Case (1993), in which the Supreme Court ruled that the seniormost judge of the Supreme Court should alone be appointed to the office of the chief justice of India.