Forum of Clinical Laboratories
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🕉 ☜تــ ☜ــهتم بكل مايتعلق بالفحوصات الطبيه بشكل عام. وتلبي طلباتكم واستفساركم الدووب والمثمر رابط الصرح العلمي المتميز https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaGcM6Q29759OWFvhI13 🔬التميز الابداع سر اهتمامنا ☝🏻 ⤵️رابط التواصل ⤵️ https://t.me/aanmlab
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_*ِBeautiful acanthocytes/spur cells in a patient with McLeod Syndrome. X-linked disorder characterized by reduced expression of Kell RBC antigens and associated with chronic granulomatous disease. Makes transfusion very difficult.*_
💫What is the difference between Hemophilia A and B? ✅Hemophilia A: - Caused by a deficiency of clotting factor VIII. - Accounting for about 80-85% of hemophilia cases. ✅Hemophilia B: - Caused by a deficiency of clotting factor IX. - Making up about 15-20% of cases.
❇️Megaloblastic neutrophils in bone marrow.✅ ❇️So-called "giant bands" and "giant metamyelocytes" (blue circles) are 1.5-2 times the size of normal bands and metamyelocytes (red circles)
*💥العرض العملاق لمركز ادفانسد الرازي احدث مركز طبي في اليمن ⭐* *🧬عملاق الطب المخبري ☄️* 🔝نستمر لنكون العون الاول والاخير بعد الله للمريض. 🫵العرض العملاق لشهر رمضان 💫 🔝نستحق ان نكون الافضل والخيار الاول للجميع🔝 *مركز ادفانسد الرازي التشخيصي _ نهتم لان صحتك اهم*
✅Also 🔝 • Hemophilia A ( classic ): mutation of gene 8 Most common • Hemophilia B (christmas) : mutation of gene 9
Bacteriocins are proteinaceous toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strains. They are a diverse group of antimicrobial peptides or proteins that can have a narrow or broad spectrum of activity. Bacteriocins are produced by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and are used in various applications, including food preservation, probiotics, and as potential therapeutic agents. Key Points about Bacteriocins: 1. Production and Function: - Bacteriocins are typically produced by bacteria during the stationary phase of growth. - They are synthesized ribosomally and often undergo post-translational modifications. - Their primary function is to kill or inhibit the growth of competing bacterial strains, providing a competitive advantage to the producer strain. 2. Types of Bacteriocins: - Class I: Small, heat-stable peptides that undergo extensive post-translational modification (e.g., lantibiotics like nisin). - Class II: Small, heat-stable, non-modified peptides (e.g., pediocin). - Class III: Large, heat-labile proteins (e.g., colicins). - Class IV: Complex bacteriocins that may include lipid or carbohydrate moieties. 3. Mechanism of Action: - Bacteriocins typically target the cell membrane, causing pore formation and cell lysis. - Some bacteriocins inhibit cell wall synthesis or interfere with essential cellular processes. 4. Applications: - Food Preservation: Bacteriocins like nisin are used as natural preservatives to extend the shelf life of food products. - Probiotics: Bacteriocin-producing strains are used in probiotics to promote gut health by inhibiting pathogenic bacteria. - Therapeutics: Research is ongoing to explore bacteriocins as alternatives to traditional antibiotics, especially in the face of antibiotic resistance. 5. Advantages: - Bacteriocins are generally considered safe for consumption. - They are biodegradable and do not accumulate in the environment. - They have a narrow spectrum of activity, which can minimize disruption to the normal microbiota. 6. Challenges: - Production and purification of bacteriocins can be complex and costly. - Some bacteriocins may have limited stability under certain conditions. - There is a need for more research to fully understand their mechanisms and potential applications. ### Examples of Bacteriocins: - Nisin: Produced by *Lactococcus lactis*, widely used in the food industry. - Colicins: Produced by *Escherichia coli*, primarily target other *E. coli* strains. - Pediocin: Produced by *Pediococcus* species, effective against *Listeria*. Bacteriocins represent a promising area of research with potential applications in food safety, health, and medicine. Their ability to target specific bacterial strains makes them valuable tools in the fight against bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance.