🔆 Thirty-Eighth Constitutional Amendment Act, 1975 📍 Key Changes: ✅ Article 352: Modified to allow the President to declare different proclamations of national emergency on different grounds (e.g., war, external aggression, or armed rebellion) simultaneously. ✅ Article 356: Altered provisions related to President’s Rule in states. ✅ Article 360: Adjusted provisions regarding the declaration of a financial emergency. ✅ Article 123: Made the promulgation of ordinances by the President non-justiciable in courts. ✅ Article 213: Extended the same non-justiciable protection to ordinances promulgated by governors and administrators of union territories. 📍 Significance: ✅ Made the declaration of emergency by the President non-justiciable, ensuring the executive’s decisions during emergencies could not be challenged in courts. ✅ Strengthened the executive’s authority in managing emergencies and promulgating ordinances, reducing judicial scrutiny. The Thirty-Eighth Constitutional Amendment Act, 1975, significantly expanded the powers of the executive, especially during emergencies, reducing judicial intervention in key proclamations and decisions. #polity #prelims