🔆The article analyzes the rise in maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Kerala, despite being a pioneer in demographic transition. Key Points: ✅Demographic Transition: Kerala was the first Indian state to achieve replacement-level fertility, leading to a decline in birth rates. This demographic transition is a natural progression from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. ✅Rising MMR: Despite its success in demographic transition, Kerala is witnessing a rise in MMR, which is unexpected. ✅Potential Causes: The article suggests that the decline in births has skewed the MMR calculation, making it appear higher. However, it acknowledges that other factors like healthcare access and quality might also be contributing. ✅Consequences of Low Fertility: Low fertility rates can lead to an aging population, shrinking workforce, and increased dependency on the elderly, posing challenges for economic and social development. ✅Policy Implications: The article emphasizes the need for governments to prepare for the long-term consequences of low fertility rates, including strengthening public finances, improving healthcare systems, and promoting policies that support an aging population. ✅Possible UPSC Prelims Question: What is the replacement-level fertility rate? A. 1.5 children per woman B. 2.1 children per woman C. 3.0 children per woman D. 3.5 children per woman Possible UPSC Mains Question: Discuss the socio-economic and demographic implications of declining fertility rates in India. Analyze the challenges and opportunities associated with an aging population and suggest policy measures to address the long-term consequences of this demographic transition.