THE CAUSES OF WW1 a) The alliance system. b) The arms race. c) The naval race. d) Industrial competition. e) The enemity between France and Germany. f) Colonial rivalry / race for colonies. g) Bosnian Crisis. h) First Balkan War i) Second Balkan War j) Sarajevo Assassination. h) German Welt-Politik DESCRIBE THE CAUSES OF WW1 a) The Alliance system  Europe was divided into two armed and hostile camps. The two camps were known as the Tripple Alliance and the triple Entente.  The members of the Tripple Alliance are as follows: Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary.  The members of the Tripple Entente are as follows: France, Britain, Russia.  The division was dangerous because it caused suspicion, enemity and tension.  War could not be localised.  A conflict between small powers involved the rest of Europe. b) The arms race  There was competition to produce weapons. All countries in Europe were involved. The armies increased in size and production of weapons. c) The naval race  There was competition between Britain and German to build battleships.  Germany introduced naval laws to increase its navy.  It widened the Kiel canal.  Britain built a new type of ship called the DREADNOUGHT(1905) to outclass Germany. Germany began to build its own DREADNOUGHTS.  The naval race increased tension between Britain and Germany. d) Industrial competition  The industrialisation of Germany caused competition for markets, raw materials and sources of cheap labour. e) Germany and Britain competed to control trade and commerce. f) The enmity between France and Germany  France wanted war with Germany to regain lost pride and greatness.  France wanted to revenge and regain Alsace and Lorraine. g) Colonial rivalry / race for colonies  The competition for colonies increased tension in Europe.  TENSION BETWEEN Germany and France increased because of the first Moroccan Crisis (1905) and Second Moroccan Crisis (1911). The Kaiser’s actions were warlike Britain and France became closer together.  When the Jameson Raid failed the Kaiser sent a telegram to the Boers of the Transvaal to congratulate them for defeating the British. h) Balkan nationalism / Slav nationalism  Russia supported Slav nationalism and this caused tension between Russia and Germany.  It caused conflicts which increased tension e.g Bosnian crisis, 1st, 2ndBalkan war and Sarajevo Assassination.  Serbia gained confidence.  Serbia increased its territory.  A-H waited for a chance to attack Serbia.  Tension increased between Triple Alliance and Triple Entente. The reasons why Britain abandoned the Policy of Splendid Isolation.  The policy was no longer splendid. It was now dangerous to Britain.  All the major powers were now aligned to different alliances e.g Germany and AustriaHungary, Dual Alliance, Franco- Prussian Alliance and the Triple Entente.  Events in the world showed the need for allies.  Britain feared Russia expansion in the East (Asia).  Relations between Britain and France were bad in Asia.  Germany challenged British control in the world.  Germany looked for colonies near British colonies e.g. Namibia was close to South Africa (Bechuanaland)  Industrial competition e.g. iron, steel, chemicals.  Competition for markets.  Arms race.  Naval race.  Trade and commerce.  Railway expansion.  Telegram to the Boers after the failure of Jameson Raid.  The Kaiser’s actions concerning Morocco were warlike. i. First Moroccan Crisis –the Kaiser visited Morocco. ii. Second Moroccan Crisis – the Kaiser sent a gunboat to the Moroccan port of Agadir. Britain feared that Germany wanted to build a naval base in the Mediterranean sea.  Britain faced naval competition from U.S.A and Japan. How did Britain abandon the Policy of the Splendid Isolation?  Britain signed agreements with Japan, France and Russia. a. The Anglo-Japanese agreement (1902) b. The Entente Cordiale (1904) c. The Tripple Entente (1907) a) The Anglo-Japanese agreement (1902)  It was between British and Japan.  It was an agreement to assist each other if one was a military agreement. b) The Entente Cordiale, 1904  Signed between Britain and France.  It was not a military agreement, but a treaty of friendship. Terms : To co-operate in colonial matters (issues)  France recognised British claims in Egypt.  Britain recognised French claims in Morocco. The formation and terms of the Triple Entente  The Triple Entente followed the formation of the Entente Cordiale, 1904.  The support given by Russia to France and Britain at Algeciras Conference showed clearly that these three countries were getting close and all against the Kaiser’s (Germany’s) policy.  France encouraged Russia and Britain to solve their disputes.  France, Britain and Russia were against Germany’s expansion in the middle East. Germany was building the Berlin-Baghdad railway line.  Discussions began in 1907 between the representatives of the governments of Britain and Russia.  The Anglo-Russia agreement settled important causes of conflicts between Britain and Russia. The terms of the Triple Entente  Britain and Russia settled disputes in Afghanistan.  Britain was now going to control the foreign policy of Afghanistan.  Britain and Russia to have equal trading rights in Afghanistan.  It settled the dispute between Russia and Britain concerning the Indian frontier boarder).  It settled the disputes in Persia (Iran). Persia was divided into three zones-  Britain to control South Persia.  Central Persia became a neutral zone.  Russia to control North Persia. The Triple Alliance, 1902  The members were Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.  It was a military agreement. It had specific enemies. The terms  Germany and A-H agreed to assist Italy if attacked by France.  Italy agreed to remain neutral in a war involving Britain.  Italy and A-H to assist Germany when attacked by Russia and another power.  Germany and Italy to remain neutral when Austria was attacked by Russia alone. PART C QUE: How far did the Alliance system lead to the outbreak of WW1? Alliance system caused WW1 because it had the danger of increasing tension in Europe.  The system closely knit nations into two hostile camps.  Each camp increased its strength year by year (arms and navies).  If one of the countries was attacked that would involve the whole of Europe in War.  War could not be localised.  The two camps were rigid and inflexible. Other factors led to outbreak of WW1.  The arms race / militarisation.  Naval race  Colonial rivalry – First and Second Moroccan Crisis.  Balkan nationalism.  First Balkan War.  Second Balkan War.  Germany gunboat diplomacy actions of the Kaiser were warlike.  German War Plan.  Sarajevo Assassination. Identify 5 countries which had interests in North Africa between 1900 and 1914  Germany  France  Britain  Italy  Spain  Turkey The 1st Morrocan Crisis of 1905 (The Tangier Crisis)  The problem started when Britain recognised the French interests (ambitions) in Morocco as part of the Entente Cordiale of 1904  The Kaiser got information of the secret clause (terms) on Morocco. The clause meant exclusion of German interests in Morocco.  The Kaiser also wanted to test the strength of the Entente Cordiale.  The Kaiser visited the port of Tangier in 1905. He made speeches against France. He provoked France.  He assured the Sultan that Germany would support the independence of Morocco. The Kaiser said Germany did not intend to recognise any other agreement.  The Kaiser demanded the calling of a European Conference on Morocco.  The Conference was held at Algeciras (Spain) in 1906. Countries which attended the Algeciras Conference, 1906  Germany  France  Britain  Italy  Spain  Russia At the Algeciras conference they made the following terms: 1. French police to maintain law and order in Morocco. 2. Britain, France, Germany and Spain to control the Bank of Morocco. 3. Germany to have equal trading rights in Morocco. 4. The independence of Morocco to be maintained. 5. Open door policy to be used in Morocco. The 2nd Moroccan Crisis, 1911 (The Panther Crisis/Agadir Crisis).  Tribes in Morocco rebelled against the new Sultan. The Sultan was a puppet of France.  Claiming that Algeria was endangered by disorder in Morocco, French troops occupied Fez, the capital of Morocco.  Germany denounced the French occupation. It claimed this was against the terms of the Algeciras Conference.  In July 1911, a German gunboat, the Panther was sent to Agadir (a port in Morocco). German claimed that the lives of German nationals were in danger.  Germany claimed that she was protecting her interests in Morocco. She demanded all of French Congo as compensation. For some time feelings and tension were so high that war between France and Germany seemed possible.  German action alarmed the British because Agadir was too close to Gibraitar. The British navy began to mobilise (prepare for war).  Britain immediately sided with France during the Crisis. It brought France Britain closer together.  This forced Germany to withdraw. Germany was embarrassed and humiliated.  It was clearly a French victory.  Tension increased between the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente.  Germany interests were however recognised. She got part of French Congo as compensation. To what extent did the Panther Crisis contribute to the outbreak of WW1? C₁- Contribution of Panther Crisis  It widened the gap / tension between the Tripple Entente and Tripple Alliance.  Increased tension between France and Germany.  Britain introduced conscription the following year in preparation for war.  Increased World tension.  It brought France and Britain closer together C₂- Other factors contributed to outbreak of WW1  Naval Race  Arms Race  Industrial competition  Colonial rivalry  Alliance system  Slav nationalism  Bosnian Crisis, First Balkan War, Second Balkan War, Sarajevo Assassination, German war plan List any 5 powers interested in the Balkans/ Balkan Peninsular  Russia  Turkey  Austria-Hungary  Germany  France  Italy List any 5 Balkan states / Provinces before WW1  Serbia  Bosnia – Herzegovina  Bulgaria  Romania  Greece  Albania  Macedonia Identify ethnic groups in the Balkan region /Balkans • Ruthenians -Hungarians • Bulgars -Czechs • Albanians -Slovens • Romanians -Croats • Slavs -Poles • Serbs -Magyrs Describe the Bosnian Crisis (1908) /The Annexure of Bosnia – Herzegovina by Austrian – Hungary.  In 1908 there was the Young Turk Revolution in Turkey. It was a rebellion against the Sultan, Abdul Hammid.  The Young Turks demanded a constitution; equality between Muslims and Christians; the return of political exiles and freedom of political organization.  The Young Turks wanted to revive the sick man of Europe (Turkey).  A-H took advantage of political instability in Turkey.  Austria Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina, provinces she had been administering since 1878.  It was a way to stop Serbia which was encouraging Slav nationalism.This action blocked the formation of Yugoslavia.  It was also a way to strengthen A-H’s position on the Adriatic Sea.  The Bosnian Crisis increased tension in Europe. Russia and Britain expressed their disapproval of the annexation.  Serbia was angered because she wanted to unite with the two provinces.  Germany gave full support to Austria Hungary by promising her military support if attacked.  Serbia mobilized her army against A-H.  Russia was not fully fit after she was defeated by Japan in the Russo- Japanese War of 1904-1905.  The Bosnian Crisis humiliated Russia Russia began to rebuild its army after the Bosnian Crisis to avoid humiliation in future.  It increased tension between the Serbia and Austria-Hungary.  It increased tension between the Tripple Alliance and the Tripple Entente. How far did the Bosnian Crisis contribute to the outbreak of WW1?  Serbia’s hope of unity with Bosnia were destroyed.  Tension between Serbia and A-H increased.  Tension between Russia and Germany increased.  Tension (enmity) between Triple Entente and Triple Alliance increased.  Russia was humiliated and was not prepared to accept humiliation in future.  It increased feelings of Slav nationalism. c₂ = Other factors caused WW1  Naval race  Arms race  Slav nationalism  Alliance system  Industrial competition  Colonial rivalry  Germany Welt politic e.g War Plan  First Balkan War  Second Balkan War  Sarajevo Assassination Name any five countries that fought Turkey in the First Balkan War , 1912/ Members of the Balkan League  Serbia  Bulgaria  Greece  Montenegro  Romania Describe the First Balkan War (1912)  The nationalism of the Young Turks forced the jealous and divided Balkan states to form the Balkan League. The new government in Turkey was harsh/ worse.  The Young Turks tried to introduce a common law, one national language, compulsory military service.  Young Turks began to persecute Christians e.g. Macedonia.  Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro formed the Balkan League and declared war against Turkey.  Russia was involved in the formation of the Balkan League.  Russia encouraged Balkan States to unite.  Turkey was easily defeated. Big powers were shocked by victory of the Balkan League.  In 1913, a peace Conference was held in London to end the war.  It was decided that Turkey’s European territories should be shared between Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria and Montenegro.  Greece got a big part of Macedonia.  A-H made sure that Serbia remained landlocked. An independent Albania was created.  This increased tension between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. The Second Balkan War, 1913.  It was caused by the results of the First Balkan War.  Soon after the First Balkan War, the Balkan League was divided by disputes.  Bulgaria was dissatisfied with the sharing of land e.g Macedonia.  Bulgaria believed it had done most of the fighting against Turkey  Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece.  Romania and Turkey joined the war against Bulgaria.  Turkey wanted to regain the losses of the First Balkan War.  Bulgaria was defeated.  War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Bucharest. A fresh division of the territories was made.  Macedonia was shared between Serbia and Greece.  Greece was given Crete, Salonika and Eastern Thrace.  Romania got Dobruja. To what extent did the Balkan Wars contribute to the outbreak of World War 1?  lt increased tension between Serbia and A-H.  Serbia increased its territorial gains. It became confident and aggressive.  Austria was determined to keep Serbia land locked.  Austria waited for a chance to crush Serbia and crush Slav nationalism.  Serbia promoted propaganda  Tension increased between Russia.  Tension increased between Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.  Tension increased between Russia and Germany. Other factors led to WW1  Alliance system  Arms Race  Naval Race  Industrial competition  Balkan nationalism  Germany War plan  Colonial RIVALRY  Bosnian Crisis  Sarajevo Assassination Describe the Sarajevo Incident (Assassination), 28 JUNE 1914.  On 28 June, the Austrian crown prince Franz Ferdinand and his wife Portia were driving through the streets of Sarajevo, the Capital of Bosnia. They were assassinated by a student called Gavril Princip. He was a Serb. A 19-year-old student.  Princip was a member of a secret organisation called Black Hand. He was coming straight from a meeting of the Black Hand.  Austria got an excuse (chance) for war against Serbia.  There was no evidence to show that the government of Serbia had planned the assassination.  Austria sent an Ultimatum to Serbia.  The demands were framed to make sure Serbia would refuse. The 3 demands in the Ultimatum i. Serbia must stop propaganda against A-H. ii. Serbia must dismiss an officials named by A-H. iii. Serbia must allow Austrian police into Serbia to investigate. Serbia offered to take part in an international conference to settle the problem. It accepts the first and second demands, not the third. Austria refused. On 28 July 1914, A-H declared war on Serbia after full support from Germany.  Russia mobilised in support of A-H.  This marked the beginning of WW1. How far did the Sarajevo Assassination contribute to the outbreak of WWI?  It increased tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary.  It became the match stick that lit the bonfire. (immediate cause)  The incident showed the extent of Germany’s support for A-H.  It showed the extent of Russian support for Serbia.  It increased the tension between the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance.  A-H got the chance to crush Serbia.  It heightened feelings of Slav nationalism. Other factors led to WW1  Alliance system  Arms Race  Naval Race  Industrial competition  Colonial rivalry  German War Plan,  Bosnian Crisis ,  First and Second Balkan War  Balkan nationalism