*Multiple-choice questions (MCQs)* 1. *Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)* Which cardiac enzyme is most specific for diagnosing a myocardial infarction? A) CK-MB B) Troponin I C) Myoglobin D) LDH Answer: B) *Troponin I* 2. *Diabetes Mellitus* Which of the following is a major complication of uncontrolled diabetes? A) Hypotension B) Diabetic ketoacidosis C) Hypercalcemia D) Hypoglycemia Answer: B) *Diabetic ketoacidosis* 3. *Hypertension* Which organ is primarily affected by long-term hypertension? A) Lungs B) Liver C) Kidneys D) Skin Answer: C) *Kidneys* 4. *Stroke (CVA)* Which type of stroke occurs due to a rupture of a blood vessel in the brain? A) Ischemic stroke B) Hemorrhagic stroke C) Embolic stroke D) Lacunar stroke Answer: B) *Hemorrhagic stroke* 5. *Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)* What is the primary cause of COPD? A) Viral infection B) Air pollution C) Smoking D) Genetic factors Answer: C) *Smoking* 6. *Asthma* Which of the following is a common trigger for asthma attacks? A) High sodium intake B) Exercise C) Hyperthyroidism D) Hypercalcemia Answer: B) *Exercise* 7. *Pneumonia* Which organism is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia? A) Streptococcus pneumoniae B) Escherichia coli C) Staphylococcus aureus D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa Answer: A) *Streptococcus pneumoniae* 8. *Tuberculosis (TB)* What is the most common site of infection in tuberculosis? A) Brain B) Lungs C) Kidneys D) Skin Answer: B) *Lungs* 9. *Hepatitis B* Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through: A) Airborne droplets B) Contaminated food C) Blood and body fluids D) Insect bites Answer: C) *Blood and body fluids* 10. *Liver Cirrhosis* Which of the following is a common cause of cirrhosis? A) Hypertension B) Hepatitis C C) Hyperlipidemia D) Gallstones Answer: B) *Hepatitis C* 11. *Peptic Ulcer Disease* Which bacterium is associated with peptic ulcer disease? A) Helicobacter pylori B) Streptococcus pyogenes C) Escherichia coli D) Clostridium difficile Answer: A) *Helicobacter pylori* 12. *Appendicitis* Which sign is commonly associated with acute appendicitis? A) Murphy’s sign B) Rovsing’s sign C) Babinski’s sign D) Chvostek’s sign Answer: B) *Rovsing’s sign* 13. *Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)* What is the most common symptom of GERD? A) Abdominal distension B) Heartburn C) Hemoptysis D) Jaundice Answer: B) *Heartburn* 14. *Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)* Which lab test is the best indicator of kidney function? A) Serum sodium B) Serum potassium C) Creatinine clearance D) Alkaline phosphatase Answer: C) *Creatinine clearance* 15. *Parkinson’s Disease* Which neurotransmitter is primarily deficient in Parkinson’s disease? A) Serotonin B) Dopamine C) Acetylcholine D) Norepinephrine Answer: B) *Dopamine* 16. *Alzheimer’s Disease* Which is a characteristic feature of Alzheimer’s disease? A) Loss of motor function B) Memory loss C) Tremors D) Diplopia Answer: B) *Memory loss* 17. *Rheumatoid Arthritis* Which of the following is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis? A) Asymmetrical joint involvement B) Morning stiffness lasting more than an hour C) Presence of Heberden’s nodes D) Absence of inflammation Answer: B) *Morning stiffness lasting more than an hour* 18. *Osteoporosis* What is a major risk factor for osteoporosis? A) High protein diet B) Smoking C) Increased BMI D) Increased muscle mass Answer: B) *Smoking* 19. *Hypothyroidism* Which hormone is decreased in hypothyroidism? A) TSH B) T3 and T4 C) Insulin D) Cortisol Answer: B) *T3 and T4* 20. *Sepsis* What is a key clinical sign of sepsis? A) Hypotension and tachycardia B) Hyperglycemia and bradycardia C) Hypothermia and hypertension D) Hypoxia and bradypnea Answer: A) *Hypotension and tachycardia*