Effects of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a deeply harmful practice that affects millions of women and girls worldwide. The effects are multifaceted, impacting physical health, psychological well-being, and social dynamics. Here’s an in-depth discussion of these effects: Severe Pain- The procedure often involves cutting and removal of genital tissue, leading to intense pain. Excessive Bleeding- Hemorrhage is common, which can be life-threatening. Infection-Unsterilized instruments can introduce infections, including tetanus and other serious conditions. Urinary Problems Swelling and scarring can lead to difficulties in urination. Many women experience ongoing pain in the genital area. Scarring and Tissue Damage-This can lead to complications in sexual function and childbirth. Childbirth Complications- FGM increases the risk of obstructed labor, which can endanger both mother and child. Sexual Dysfunction- Women may experience pain during intercourse, reduced sexual satisfaction, or other sexual health issue. Anxiety and Depression- Many women suffer from anxiety, depression, and feelings of isolation due to their experiences. Post-Traumatic Stress The trauma of undergoing FGM can lead to PTSD, characterized by flashbacks and severe emotional distress. Gender Inequality-FGM is often rooted in cultural beliefs that view women as inferior, perpetuating gender discrimination. Social Pressure:Women may feel compelled to conform to cultural norms, leading to a cycle of abuse and compliance. Difficulties in Sexual Relationships- Physical complications can hinder intimacy and create strain in relationships. Marital Issues:Partners may struggle with the emotional and physical repercussions of FGM, leading to conflicts. Health Risks -Increased Risk of STIs - Women who have undergone FGM may face a higher risk of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, due to changes in genital anatomy and hygiene practices The effects of FGM are profound and far-reaching, affecting not only the individual but also families and communities. Combating this practice requires a multifaceted approach, including education, advocacy, community engagement, and legal reforms to protect the rights of women and girls. Efforts must focus on raising awareness about the harmful effects of FGM and promoting alternative rites of passage that respect cultural traditions without causing harm. Hinkutina Qubithinkabina Bayyahamtu irrabaa Best regards "Sir boru"