🔆 Key Takeaways: • Digital Platform Degradation (Enshittification): ◦ As digital platforms mature, user experience worsens—a phenomenon termed “enshittification” by journalist Cory Doctorow. ◦ Platforms initially prioritize users, then business clients, and eventually prioritize self-interest and profits. • User Exploitation and Monetisation: ◦ Companies like Amazon, Spotify, and YouTube increasingly restrict user benefits (e.g., ads, reduced discounts, paid subscriptions). ◦ Escalating imposition of non-negotiable “platform fees” and “handling charges” represents a monetisation strategy post-dominance. • Systemic Issues in Digital Ecosystems: ◦ Enshittification reflects systemic issues beyond just rising fees—such as device-based price discrimination and lack of transparency. ◦ Example: Differential pricing based on device type (iPhone vs. Android) without user consent or recourse. • Dark Patterns and Manipulative UI: ◦ Platforms are increasingly using dark patterns to manipulate user behavior: ▪ False urgency (limited-time offers) ▪ Basket sneaking (adding items without consent) ▪ Drip pricing (hidden charges at checkout) ▪ Nagging (constant prompts) ▪ Subscription traps (making cancellations difficult) ◦ These practices mislead users and reduce informed choice. • Legal and Regulatory Framework in India: ◦ Various laws and regulations aim to protect consumers: ▪ Consumer Protection Act, 2019 – Identifies unfair practices. ▪ E-Commerce Rules, 2020 – Enhances pricing transparency and prohibits unfair trade practices. ▪ Information Technology Rules, 2021 – Mandates redressal systems. ▪ Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 – Ensures user consent and privacy. ▪ Competition Act, 2002 – Regulates anti-competitive practices. • Need for Stronger Regulatory Mechanisms: ◦ India’s digital framework needs to evolve to counter subtle, deceptive practices. ◦ Global models (e.g., EU’s Digital Markets Act) offer templates for stricter compliance and user protection, including: ▪ Banning self-preferencing, ▪ Ensuring interoperability, ▪ Mandatory UX audits, ▪ Defining “dark patterns.”