🔆Presidential Reference The President of India recently referred 14 questions to the Supreme Court under Article 143. 📍There are two components of Article 143: ✅Article 143(1) allows the President to refer any question of law or fact of public importance to the Supreme Court for its advisory opinion. ✅Article 143(2) pertains to disputes involving pre-Constitutional treaties and agreements, permitting the President to refer such matters for legal clarification. ✅Nature of Opinion: The Supreme Court’s opinion is not binding on the President. It does not carry precedential value but holds strong persuasive authority and is usually followed by the executive and judiciary. ✅Historical origin: The provision originates from the Government of India Act, 1935, which empowered the Governor-General to refer legal matters to the Federal Court. ✅The President refers to the advice of the Union Council of Ministers. As per Article 145, a minimum 5-judge Bench of the Supreme Court must hear the matter.