UNIT -- 9 Topic -- Global Environmental Summits, Agreements & Organizations — very relevant for UGC NET Paper 1. 🌍 Topic: Global Environmental Summits & Agreements Q1. The first Earth Summit was held in: Options: A) 1992, Rio de Janeiro B) 1972, Stockholm C) 2002, Johannesburg D) 2012, Rio+20 ✅ Answer: A) 1992, Rio de Janeiro 📌 Explanation: Known as the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). Led to Agenda 21, UNFCCC, CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity). Promoted the concept of sustainable development. Q2. Which protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions? Options: A) Cartagena Protocol B) Kyoto Protocol C) Basel Convention D) Paris Agreement ✅ Answer: B) Kyoto Protocol 📌 Explanation: Adopted in 1997, enforced in 2005. Legally binding targets for developed countries. Preceded the Paris Agreement. Click here for material https://wa.me/+919694190992?text=Send_me_notes___ Professors Adda Q3. The Paris Agreement seeks to limit global warming to below: Options: A) 1.0°C B) 1.5°C C) 2.0°C D) 2.5°C ✅ Answer: C) 2.0°C 📌 Explanation: Signed in 2015 under UNFCCC. Aim: Limit rise to below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Voluntary national targets (NDCs). --- Q4. Stockholm Conference 1972 is significant because: Options: A) First international summit on biodiversity B) Foundation of UNEP C) It banned ozone-depleting substances D) None of the above ✅ Answer: B) Foundation of UNEP 📌 Explanation: First global conference on human environment. Led to the creation of UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). Theme: “Only One Earth.” Q5. The Montreal Protocol (1987) deals with: Options: A) Acid Rain B) Nuclear Waste C) Ozone Depletion D) Climate Refugees ✅ Answer: C) Ozone Depletion 📌 Explanation: International treaty to phase out CFCs and HCFCs. Helped in ozone layer recovery. Considered one of the most successful global environmental agreements. Click here for material https://wa.me/+919694190992?text=Send_me_notes___ Professors Adda Q6. Rio+20 summit was held in the year: Options: A) 2010 B) 2012 C) 2015 D) 2020 ✅ Answer: B) 2012 📌 Explanation: 20 years after the original Rio Summit. Focused on Green Economy and Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development. Outcome: "The Future We Want" document. --- Q7. Which organization publishes the ‘Global Environmental Outlook’ reports? Options: A) IPCC B) UNDP C) UNEP D) FAO ✅ Answer: C) UNEP 📌 Explanation: Flagship assessment reports on global environment. Provides science-based policy options. Published every few years. --- Q8. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was adopted at: Options: A) Stockholm 1972 B) Kyoto 1997 C) Rio Earth Summit 1992 D) Johannesburg 2002 ✅ Answer: C) Rio Earth Summit 1992 📌 Explanation: Aims at conservation, sustainable use, and fair sharing of genetic resources. Framework for national biodiversity action plans. --- Q9. The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) was founded in: Options: A) 1988 B) 1992 C) 2000 D) 2005 ✅ Answer: A) 1988 📌 Explanation: Jointly established by WMO and UNEP. Provides scientific reports on climate change. Awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. --- Q10. The term ‘Common but Differentiated Responsibilities’ (CBDR) was formalized in: Options: A) Kyoto Protocol B) Stockholm Declaration C) Rio Declaration D) Montreal Protocol ✅ Answer: C) Rio Declaration 📌 Explanation: Recognizes differing capabilities and responsibilities of developed and developing nations. Key principle in climate justice debates. Click here for material https://wa.me/+919694190992?text=Send_me_notes___ Professors Adda