UGC NET Paper-1: Unit 9 – Environmental Conventions (Updated till May 2025) 📄 PDF available for paid course students --- 🌍 Major International Environmental Conventions (Chronologically) --- 1. Ramsar Convention Focus: Conservation and sustainable use of wetlands Adopted: 1971  Enforced: 1975 --- 2. Bonn Convention (CMS – Convention on Migratory Species) Focus: Protection of migratory species of wild animals Adopted: 1979  Enforced: 1983 --- 3. Vienna Convention Focus: Protection of the ozone layer Adopted: 1985  Enforced: 1988 --- 4. Montreal Protocol Focus: Phasing out ozone-depleting substances (ODS) Adopted: 1987  Enforced: 1989 --- 5. Basel Convention Focus: Control of transboundary movement and disposal of hazardous waste Adopted: 1989  Enforced: 1992 --- 6. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Focus: Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity Adopted: 1992  Enforced: 1993 --- 7. UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) Focus: International framework to address climate change Adopted: 1992 --- 8. Kyoto Protocol Focus: Binding reduction targets for greenhouse gas emissions for developed countries Adopted: 1997  Enforced: 2005 --- 9. Aarhus Convention Focus: Public access to environmental information, participation, and justice Adopted: 1998 --- 10. Rotterdam Convention Focus: International trade of hazardous chemicals and pesticides (PIC procedure) Adopted: 1998  Enforced: 2004 * *SUBJECT* Special offer 😍😍 for NET/ JRF/Asst Prof 2⃣0⃣2⃣5⃣ Exam ◾️ *Professors Adda* New Updated edition Till 31 May 2025 Complete syllabus coverage 📚 Theory Notes with Mardarshika Booklet 📚 Unitwise MCQ Bank 📚 Latest PYQs 2024 with Trend Analysis 📚 Model Papers 📑 📚 Amriut facts Revision Notes 📚Test Series  🎯 🔥Premium membership for 1 Year Paper 1 notes Available 📣 📱 *English Medium Content Head Click Here to get* __https://wa.me/+919216009964?text=Send_me_notes_my_subject_is 👉 *Pdf notes immediate delivery* Home Delivery Available  🏠 🏠 Best Quality + Best Service  👍💯 📱 *हिंदी मीडियम कंटेंट हेड , क्लिक करे आपको मिल जायेंगे ___* https://wa.me/+919257007505?text=Send_me_pdf_ मेरा_विषय_है___ 📞  Book your FREE  Study plan &  talk to our experts Helpline No --- 76900221111 11. Cartagena Protocol (under CBD) Focus: Biosafety concerning GMOs and LMOs Adopted: 2000  Enforced: 2003 --- 12. Stockholm Convention Focus: Elimination of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Adopted: 2001  Enforced: 2004 --- 13. UN-REDD Programme Focus: Reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation Launched: 2008 --- 14. Nagoya Protocol (under CBD) Focus: Fair and equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources Adopted: 2010  Enforced: 2014 --- 15. Paris Agreement Focus: Limiting global temperature rise below 2°C (preferably 1.5°C) Adopted: 2015  Enforced: 2016 --- 16. Kigali Amendment (to Montreal Protocol) Focus: Phasing down Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Adopted: 2016  Enforced: 2019 --- 17. Minamata Convention Focus: Control and reduction of mercury pollution Adopted: 2013  Enforced: 2017 🆕 Recent Developments (2023–2025) 🌐 COP28 – 2023 (Dubai, UAE) First Global Stocktake published Assessed global progress under the Paris Agreement 🌐 COP29 – 2024 (Baku, Azerbaijan) Focused on climate finance for developing nations 🌐 COP30 – 2025 (Brazil) First-ever COP to be hosted in the Amazon region Expected focus on forest protection & indigenous communities