🔆List the key features of the tribal policies introduced after independence, and explain the reasons behind the slow progress of tribal communities despite various initiatives. (Answer in 150 words) ✅ Introduction • Post-independence tribal policies focused on tribal integration with respect for their unique cultures, following the Nehruvian approach to tribal development. ✅ Key Features of Tribal Policies • Self-Development: Tribals encouraged to develop along their own cultural lines. (Ministry of Tribal Affairs) • Respect for Tribal Rights: Tribal rights on land and forests are to be respected, preventing outsider encroachment. (Tribal Research Institute) • Local Governance: Tribal people should administer themselves with trained personnel from within their communities. (Planning Commission) • Minimized Over-Administration: Tribal areas should not be overwhelmed with a multiplicity of schemes. (Ministry of Tribal Affairs) • Quality of Growth: Success is to be measured by the enhancement of human character, not just statistics. (Economic and Political Weekly) ✅ Reasons Behind Slow Progress • Administrative Inefficiency: Many officials are ill-trained and may exhibit biases against tribals. (Planning Commission) • Legal Unfamiliarity: A significant number of tribals remain unaware of their legal rights and government assistance due to high illiteracy. (Tribal Research Institute) • Coordination Issues: Lack of coordination among implementing agencies leads to ineffective execution of development schemes. (Ministry of Tribal Affairs) • Land Alienation: Infrastructure projects have displaced many tribals, forcing them into slums or migration. (Economic and Political Weekly) • Legal Challenges: Issues like forged Gram Sabha resolutions and lack of consent for land acquisition persist. (National Commission for Scheduled Tribes) ✅ Conclusion • Recap the importance of the policies and the challenges faced, emphasizing the need for better implementation and protection of tribal rights. #model_answer