*Indications of Central Venous Catheter (CVC):* 1. *Long-term IV therapy* – Chemotherapy, antibiotics, TPN 2. *Poor peripheral access* 3. *Hemodynamic monitoring* (CVP measurement) 4. *Frequent blood sampling* 5. *Hemodialysis or plasmapheresis* 6. *Administration of irritant/vesicant drugs* 7. *Emergency fluid resuscitation* *Indications of Central Venous Pressure (CVP) Monitoring:* 1. *Assess intravascular volume status* – Hypovolemia or fluid overload 2. *Guide fluid resuscitation* in shock, burns, trauma 3. *Monitor cardiac function* – especially right ventricular function 4. *Evaluate venous return & preload* 5. *Monitor critically ill patients* 6. *Detect heart failure or pulmonary hypertension* https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaDLZ5U8fewk2H3OPb0n