*Complications of CVP (Central Venous Pressure) Monitoring & CVC (Central Venous Catheter):* *1. Infection* - *Cause:* Poor aseptic technique or prolonged catheter use. - *Risk:* Local site infection → catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) → sepsis. *2. Pneumothorax* - *Cause:* Accidental puncture of lung during subclavian or internal jugular insertion. - *Signs:* Sudden chest pain, dyspnea, decreased breath sounds. *3. Air Embolism* - *Cause:* Air enters the line during insertion, disconnection, or flushing. - *Signs:* Chest pain, hypotension, tachycardia, sudden collapse. *4. Thrombosis* - *Cause:* Catheter induces clot formation in the vein. - *Signs:* Swelling, pain, redness in the limb; catheter occlusion. *5. Hematoma* - *Cause:* Vessel puncture or multiple insertion attempts. - *Signs:* Bruising, swelling near insertion site. *6. Catheter Malposition* - *Cause:* Incorrect placement during insertion. - *Effect:* Inaccurate CVP readings or complications like arrhythmias. *7. Cardiac Tamponade (Rare)* - *Cause:* Catheter tip eroding into cardiac wall. - *Signs:* Hypotension, muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins. *Prevention:* - Use full barrier precautions, ultrasound guidance, proper flushing technique, and regular monitoring of site and waveform.