Section 1: Computer Fundamentals What is the full form of COMPUTER? a) Commonly Operated Machine Particularly Used for Technical and Educational Research b) Commonly Oriented Machine Purposely Used for Technical and Environmental Research c) Commonly Operated Machine Purposely Used for Training and Research d) Common Operating Machine Particularly Used for Technical Research Answer: a) Commonly Operated Machine Particularly Used for Technical and Educational Research Explanation: The term COMPUTER is an acronym often used to describe its purpose in technical and educational contexts. Who is known as the father of computers? a) Alan Turing b) Charles Babbage c) John von Neumann d) Dennis Ritchie Answer: b) Charles Babbage Explanation: Charles Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, considered the first mechanical computer. Which of the following is the first calculating device? a) Abacus b) Difference Engine c) Pascaline d) ENIAC Answer: a) Abacus Explanation: The Abacus, used around 2400 BC, is the earliest known mechanical calculating device. Which generation of computers used vacuum tubes? a) First Generation b) Second Generation c) Third Generation d) Fourth Generation Answer: a) First Generation Explanation: First-generation computers (1940–1956) used vacuum tubes for circuitry. Which language was used by second-generation computers? a) Machine Language b) Assembly Language c) High-Level Language d) Binary Language Answer: b) Assembly Language Explanation: Second-generation computers (1956–1963) used assembly language, replacing machine language. What is the smallest unit of memory? a) Byte b) Bit c) Nibble d) Kilobyte Answer: b) Bit Explanation: A bit (binary digit) is the smallest unit of memory, representing 0 or 1. How many bits make up a byte? a) 4 b) 8 c) 16 d) 32 Answer: b) 8 Explanation: A byte consists of 8 bits. Which of the following is a volatile memory? a) ROM b) RAM c) EPROM d) EEPROM Answer: b) RAM Explanation: RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile, meaning its data is lost when power is off. Which type of memory retains data even when the power is off? a) RAM b) Cache c) ROM d) Register Answer: c) ROM Explanation: ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile and retains data without power. What is the full form of CPU? a) Central Processing Unit b) Control Processing Unit c) Computer Processing Unit d) Central Program Unit Answer: a) Central Processing Unit Explanation: The CPU is the brain of the computer, handling processing tasks. Section 2: Hardware Which of the following is an input device? a) Monitor b) Printer c) Keyboard d) Speaker Answer: c) Keyboard Explanation: A keyboard is used to input data into a computer. Which device is used to produce hard copies of documents? a) Scanner b) Printer c) Plotter d) Both b and c Answer: d) Both b and c Explanation: Printers and plotters produce hard copies, with plotters used for large-scale prints. What is the function of a motherboard? a) Stores data permanently b) Connects all computer components c) Processes data d) Displays output Answer: b) Connects all computer components Explanation: The motherboard is the main circuit board, connecting CPU, RAM, and other components. Which of the following is a storage device? a) CPU b) Hard Disk c) Monitor d) ALU Answer: b) Hard Disk Explanation: A hard disk is a secondary storage device for data. Which of the following is the fastest memory? a) RAM b) ROM c) Cache Memory d) Hard Disk Answer: c) Cache Memory Explanation: Cache memory is faster than RAM and used to store frequently accessed data. What does GPU stand for? a) General Processing Unit b) Graphics Processing Unit c) Global Processing Unit d) Generic Processing Unit Answer: b) Graphics Processing Unit Explanation: A GPU handles graphics-related computations. Which of the following is a secondary storage device? a) RAM b) Cache Memory c) Hard Disk Drive d) Register Answer: c) Hard Disk Drive Explanation: Secondary storage devices like HDD store data permanently. What is the full form of SSD? a) Solid State Drive b) System Storage Device c) Sequential Storage Drive d) Static Storage Device Answer: a) Solid State Drive Explanation: SSDs use flash memory for faster data access. Which component is known as the brain of the computer? a) RAM b) CPU c) Monitor d) Hard Disk Answer: b) CPU Explanation: The CPU processes instructions and performs calculations. Which of the following is an optical storage device? a) Hard Disk b) USB Drive c) CD-ROM d) RAM Answer: c) CD-ROM Explanation: CD-ROM uses optical technology for data storage. Section 3: Software Which of the following is an operating system? a) Microsoft Word b) Windows 10 c) Adobe Photoshop d) Google Chrome Answer: b) Windows 10 Explanation: Windows 10 is an operating system managing hardware and software resources. Which type of software is Microsoft Excel? a) System Software b) Application Software c) Utility Software d) Firmware Answer: b) Application Software Explanation: Excel is used for specific tasks like data analysis, making it application software. What is the function of an operating system? a) Manages hardware and software resources b) Creates documents c) Designs graphics d) Browses the internet Answer: a) Manages hardware and software resources Explanation: An OS coordinates between hardware and software. Which of the following is not a type of software? a) System Software b) Application Software c) Utility Software d) Driver Software Answer: d) Driver Software Explanation: Driver software is a subtype of system software, not a distinct category. What is the full form of BIOS? a) Basic Input/Output System b) Binary Input/Output System c) Basic Instruction Operating System d) Binary Instruction Operating System Answer: a) Basic Input/Output System Explanation: BIOS initializes hardware during the boot process. Which software is used to protect a computer from viruses? a) Disk Cleanup b) Antivirus c) Disk Defragmenter d) System Restore Answer: b) Antivirus Explanation: Antivirus software detects and removes malicious programs. What is the purpose of disk defragmentation? a) Removes viruses b) Organizes fragmented data c) Increases memory size d) Formats the disk Answer: b) Organizes fragmented data Explanation: Defragmentation rearranges scattered data for faster access. Which of the following is an example of presentation software? a) Microsoft Word b) Microsoft PowerPoint c) Microsoft Excel d) Notepad Answer: b) Microsoft PowerPoint Explanation: PowerPoint is used to create slideshows for presentations. What is open-source software? a) Software with restricted access b) Software with freely available source code c) Paid software d) System software only Answer: b) Software with freely available source code Explanation: Open-source software allows users to view and modify the source code. Which of the following is not an operating system? a) Linux b) Unix c) Microsoft Word d) Windows XP Answer: c) Microsoft Word Explanation: Microsoft Word is application software, not an OS. Section 4: Networking and Internet What does LAN stand for? a) Local Area Network b) Large Area Network c) Logical Area Network d) Limited Area Network Answer: a) Local Area Network Explanation: LAN connects devices within a limited area like an office. Which protocol is used to transfer web pages? a) FTP b) HTTP c) SMTP d) TCP Answer: b) HTTP Explanation: HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is used for web page transmission. What is the full form of IP in networking? a) Internet Protocol b) Internal Protocol c) Integrated Protocol d) Information Protocol Answer: a) Internet Protocol Explanation: IP is used for addressing and routing data packets. Which of the following is a web browser? a) Google Chrome b) Microsoft Excel c) Windows 10 d) Adobe Photoshop Answer: a) Google Chrome Explanation: Google Chrome is used to access and view web pages. What does URL stand for? a) Uniform Resource Locator b) Universal Resource Link c) Uniform Reference Locator d) Unique Resource Locator Answer: a) Uniform Resource Locator Explanation: A URL specifies the address of a resource on the internet. Which of the following is an email protocol? a) HTTP b) FTP c) SMTP d) TCP Answer: c) SMTP Explanation: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is used for sending emails. What is the full form of Wi-Fi? a) Wireless Fidelity b) Wired Fidelity c) Wireless Frequency d) Wired Frequency Answer: a) Wireless Fidelity Explanation: Wi-Fi enables wireless internet connectivity. Which device connects a LAN to the internet? a) Switch b) Router c) Hub d) Bridge Answer: b) Router Explanation: A router directs data between networks, connecting LAN to the internet. What is a firewall? a) Antivirus software b) Network security system c) Operating system d) Web browser Answer: b) Network security system Explanation: A firewall protects networks by controlling incoming and outgoing traffic. What does ISP stand for? a) Internet Service Provider b) Internal Service Protocol c) Internet Security Provider d) Integrated Service Provider Answer: a) Internet Service Provider Explanation: ISPs provide internet access to users. Section 5: Database Management What is the full form of SQL? a) Structured Query Language b) Standard Query Language c) Simple Query Language d) Sequential Query Language Answer: a) Structured Query Language Explanation: SQL is used for managing relational databases. Which of the following is a database management system? a) Microsoft Excel b) Oracle c) Notepad d) PowerPoint Answer: b) Oracle Explanation: Oracle is a DBMS used to manage databases. What is a primary key in a database? a) A field that stores temporary data b) A unique identifier for a record c) A field for sorting data d) A duplicate key Answer: b) A unique identifier for a record Explanation: A primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table. Which SQL command is used to retrieve data from a database? a) INSERT b) DELETE c) SELECT d) UPDATE Answer: c) SELECT Explanation: The SELECT command retrieves data from a database. What is a relational database? a) A database with only one table b) A database with related tables c) A database with no tables d) A database with temporary data Answer: b) A database with related tables Explanation: Relational databases store data in tables linked by keys. Which of the following is not a DBMS? a) MySQL b) Microsoft Access c) Microsoft Word d) PostgreSQL Answer: c) Microsoft Word Explanation: Microsoft Word is not a DBMS; it’s a word-processing software. What does DBMS stand for? a) Database Management System b) Data Backup Management System c) Digital Base Management System d) Data Binary Management System Answer: a) Database Management System Explanation: DBMS manages databases for efficient data storage and retrieval. Which command is used to add data to a database table? a) SELECT b) INSERT c) DELETE d) UPDATE Answer: b) INSERT Explanation: The INSERT command adds new records to a table. What is data redundancy in a database? a) Storing data in multiple locations unnecessarily b) Encrypting data c) Deleting duplicate data d) Sorting data Answer: a) Storing data in multiple locations unnecessarily Explanation: Data redundancy wastes storage and can cause inconsistencies. Which of the following is used to modify existing data in a database? a) SELECT b) INSERT c) UPDATE d) DELETE Answer: c) UPDATE Explanation: The UPDATE command modifies existing records in a table. Section 6: Microsoft Office and Applications Which Microsoft Office application is used for spreadsheets? a) Word b) Excel c) PowerPoint d) Access Answer: b) Excel Explanation: Excel is used for creating and managing spreadsheets. What is the extension of a Microsoft Word document? a) .xlsx b) .docx c) .pptx d) .accdb Answer: b) .docx Explanation: Word documents use the .docx extension. Which key is used to create a new slide in PowerPoint? a) Ctrl + N b) Ctrl + M c) Ctrl + S d) Ctrl + P Answer: b) Ctrl + M Explanation: Ctrl + M adds a new slide in PowerPoint. What is the default file extension for an Excel workbook? a) .docx b) .xlsx c) .pptx d) .txt Answer: b) .xlsx Explanation: Excel workbooks use the .xlsx extension. Which feature in Excel is used to analyze data in rows and columns? a) Pivot Table b) Chart c) Filter d) Macro Answer: a) Pivot Table Explanation: Pivot Tables summarize and analyze large datasets. What is the shortcut key to save a document in Microsoft Word? a) Ctrl + S b) Ctrl + P c) Ctrl + C d) Ctrl + V Answer: a) Ctrl + S Explanation: Ctrl + S saves the document. Which application is used to create a database in Microsoft Office? a) Word b) Excel c) Access d) PowerPoint Answer: c) Access Explanation: Access is used for creating and managing databases. What is the purpose of mail merge in Microsoft Word? a) Sending emails b) Creating multiple documents with personalized data c) Formatting text d) Creating charts Answer: b) Creating multiple documents with personalized data Explanation: Mail merge combines a document with a data source for bulk documents. Which of the following is a slide transition in PowerPoint? a) Fade b) Bold c) Italic d) Underline Answer: a) Fade Explanation: Fade is a transition effect between slides. What does .pptx represent? a) Word document b) Excel spreadsheet c) PowerPoint presentation d) Access database Answer: c) PowerPoint presentation Explanation: .pptx is the file extension for PowerPoint presentations. Section 7: Operating Systems What is the mascot of the Linux operating system? a) Penguin b) Lion c) Eagle d) Tiger Answer: a) Penguin Explanation: The Linux mascot is Tux, a penguin. Which of the following is a function of an operating system? a) File management b) Graphic designing c) Word processing d) Web browsing Answer: a) File management Explanation: An OS manages files, processes, and hardware. What does GUI stand for? a) Graphical User Interface b) General User Interface c) Graphical Unit Interface d) General Unit Interface Answer: a) Graphical User Interface Explanation: GUI allows users to interact with the system using graphics. Which of the following is a mobile operating system? a) Windows XP b) Android c) Linux d) DOS Answer: b) Android Explanation: Android is a mobile OS developed by Google. What is the purpose of the Task Manager in Windows? a) Manages hardware b) Monitors and controls running processes c) Creates documents d) Edits images Answer: b) Monitors and controls running processes Explanation: Task Manager tracks system performance and running applications. Which command is used to shut down a Windows computer? a) Ctrl + Alt + Del b) Alt + F4 c) Ctrl + S d) Ctrl + P Answer: b) Alt + F4 Explanation: Alt + F4 closes applications or shuts down the system when used on the desktop. What is the full form of DOS? a) Disk Operating System b) Data Operating System c) Digital Operating System d) Device Operating System Answer: a) Disk Operating System Explanation: DOS is an early operating system by Microsoft. Which of the following is not a feature of Windows OS? a) Multitasking b) GUI c) Virus Protection d) File Management Answer: c) Virus Protection Explanation: Virus protection requires separate software, not a built-in OS feature. What is the purpose of the Recycle Bin in Windows? a) Stores permanent files b) Stores deleted files temporarily c) Manages system memory d) Runs applications Answer: b) Stores deleted files temporarily Explanation: The Recycle Bin holds deleted files until permanently removed. Which operating system is open-source? a) Windows b) macOS c) Linux d) DOS Answer: c) Linux Explanation: Linux is open-source, allowing free access to its source code. Section 8: Computer Abbreviations What does RAM stand for? a) Random Access Memory b) Read Access Memory c) Run Access Memory d) Rapid Access Memory Answer: a) Random Access Memory Explanation: RAM is used for temporary data storage during processing. What is the full form of ROM? a) Read-Only Memory b) Random-Only Memory c) Read-Write Memory d) Rapid-Only Memory Answer: a) Read-Only Memory Explanation: ROM stores permanent data, like firmware. What does HTTP stand for? a) HyperText Transfer Protocol b) HighText Transfer Protocol c) HyperLink Transfer Protocol d) HighLink Transfer Protocol Answer: a) HyperText Transfer Protocol Explanation: HTTP is used for transferring web pages. What is the full form of PNG? a) Portable Network Graphics b) Picture Network Graphics c) Portable New Graphics d) Picture New Graphics Answer: a) Portable Network Graphics Explanation: PNG is an image file format. What does COBOL stand for? a) Common Business-Oriented Language b) Computer Business-Oriented Language c) Common Basic-Oriented Language d) Computer Basic-Oriented Language Answer: a) Common Business-Oriented Language Explanation: COBOL is used for business applications. What is the full form of HTML? a) HyperText Markup Language b) HighText Markup Language c) HyperText Machine Language d) HighText Machine Language Answer: a) HyperText Markup Language Explanation: HTML is used for creating web pages. What does FTP stand for? a) File Transfer Protocol b) Fast Transfer Protocol c) File Transmission Protocol d) Fast Transmission Protocol Answer: a) File Transfer Protocol Explanation: FTP is used for transferring files over a network. What is the full form of USB? a) Universal Serial Bus b) Unique Serial Bus c) Universal System Bus d) Unique System Bus Answer: a) Universal Serial Bus Explanation: USB is a standard for connecting peripherals. What does PDF stand for? a) Portable Document Format b) Public Document Format c) Private Document Format d) Printable Document Format Answer: a) Portable Document Format Explanation: PDF is a file format for documents. What is the full form of GUI? a) Graphical User Interface b) General User Interface c) Graphical Unit Interface d) General Unit Interface Answer: a) Graphical User Interface Explanation: GUI uses graphics for user interaction. Section 9: Miscellaneous What is the full form of ICT? a) Information Communication Technology b) Internet Communication Technology c) Integrated Communication Technology d) Information Control Technology Answer: a) Information Communication Technology Explanation: ICT covers digital technologies for communication. Which of the following is a programming language? a) HTML b) Python c) Photoshop d) Windows Answer: b) Python Explanation: Python is a high-level programming language. What is a computer virus? a) A hardware component b) A malicious program c) An operating system d) A web browser Answer: b) A malicious program Explanation: A virus is software that harms a computer system. Which of the following is a cloud storage service? a) Google Drive b) Microsoft Word c) Adobe Photoshop d) Notepad Answer: a) Google Drive Explanation: Google Drive stores files online in the cloud. What is the purpose of a modem? a) Converts digital signals to analog and vice versa b) Stores data c) Processes data d) Displays output Answer: a) Converts digital signals to analog and vice versa Explanation: A modem enables internet connectivity by signal conversion. Which of the following is a type of malware? a) Router b) Trojan c) Modem d) Switch Answer: b) Trojan Explanation: A Trojan is malicious software disguised as legitimate. What is the full form of WWW? a) World Wide Web b) World Web Wide c) Wide World Web d) Web World Wide Answer: a) World Wide Web Explanation: WWW is the system of interlinked resources on the inter