Humus is a type of organic matter that is formed through the decomposition of plant and animal residues in soil. Characteristics of Humus 1. *Dark color*: Humus is typically dark brown or black in color. 2. *High nutrient content*: Humus is rich in nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. 3. *Good water retention*: Humus can help retain water in soil, reducing the need for irrigation. 4. *Improves soil structure*: Humus can improve soil structure, increasing its porosity and aeration. Importance of Humus 1. *Soil fertility*: Humus is essential for maintaining soil fertility and productivity. 2. *Carbon sequestration*: Humus can help sequester carbon in soil, mitigating climate change. 3. *Soil biodiversity*: Humus provides a habitat for beneficial microorganisms in soil. 4. *Plant growth*: Humus can promote plant growth by providing essential nutrients. Formation of Humus 1. *Decomposition*: Humus is formed through the decomposition of plant and animal residues. 2. *Microbial activity*: Microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, play a key role in decomposing organic matter and forming humus. Benefits of Humus 1. *Improved soil health*: Humus can improve soil health, increasing its fertility and productivity. 2. *Increased crop yields*: Humus can promote plant growth, leading to increased crop yields. 3. *Environmental benefits*: Humus can help mitigate climate change, improve water quality, and support biodiversity.