🔆 Constitutional Provisions on Separation of Powers 📍 Key Provisions Ensuring Balance Among Organs ✅ Article 50: Directs the State to separate judiciary from the executive, especially in lower courts. ✅ Part V & Part VI: Clearly define roles of Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary at Union and State levels. ✅ Articles 121 & 211: Prohibit Parliament/State Legislatures from discussing conduct of Supreme Court or High Court judges in their official duties. ✅ Articles 122 & 212: Prevent judiciary from questioning legislative procedures—upholding legislative privilege. 📍 Structural Safeguards ✅ Office of Profit: Limits legislators from holding executive posts, though exceptions exist in India’s parliamentary system. ✅ 91st Amendment: Caps the Council of Ministers to 15% of legislature strength, minimizing executive-legislature fusion. ✅ Article 98: Empowers Parliament to manage its own secretariat and staffing, separate from executive control. ✅ Article 146: Grants CJI control over Supreme Court staff appointments, unless Parliament legislates otherwise. 📍 Conclusion ✅ These provisions help maintain institutional independence, promote checks and balances, and prevent concentration of power, even in a parliamentary democracy like India. #gs2