*Q:12 Correct Answer* ✅ *(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A* > *Explanation:* In mosses, the protonema is the first stage of the gametophyte generation — it is a filamentous, green structure that resembles algae. It develops directly from spores that are released from the capsule of the sporophyte. This stage eventually gives rise to the leafy gametophyte through buds.