Question 1 (a) (i) The stages labelled A, B, C, and D in Figure 1(a) are: A: Evaporation B: Transpiration C: Condensation D: Precipitation (ii) The processes labelled P, S, and T in Figure 1(a) are: P: Infiltration S: Runoff T: Sublimation (iii) Three activities of humans that could disrupt the cycle are: 1. Deforestation 2. Pollution 3. Overuse of water resources (b) (i) The farming systems labelled K and L in Figure 1(b) are: K: Crop rotation system L: Monoculture system (ii) The reasons for the names given in (i) are: K: Crop rotation system - This system involves rotating different crops on the same land over time. L: Monoculture system - This system involves cultivating a single crop on the same land over time. (iii) Two ways in which the farming system K is of importance to the farmer are: 1. It helps in improving soil fertility by alternating crops with different nutrient requirements. 2. It reduces the risk of crop failure by diversifying the crops grown. (iv) Three reasons why the farming system K is not being encouraged in recent times are: 1. It requires more land and time for crop rotation. 2. It may lead to a decrease in yield compared to monoculture. 3. It may require more labor and management compared to monoculture. One type of crop that could be included in the farmland L to improve the fertility of the soil is legumes, such as beans or peas. Legumes have nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots, which can help replenish the nitrogen content in the soil and improve its fertility. (c) 1. Examples of the use of inclined planes in everyday life: - Ramps - Staircases - Slide 2. Given that I is 400 N and moves a distance of 10 m whiles II is 100 N and moves a distance of 5 m, calculate the: (a) Work output: Work output = Force x Distance Work output = 400 N x 10 m = 4000 J (b) Work input: Work input = Force x Distance Work input = 100 N x 5 m = 500 J (c) Efficiency: Efficiency = (Work output / Work input) x 100% Efficiency = (4000 J / 500 J) x 100% = 800% (d) (i) The scientific principle being demonstrated in both A and B is the principle of pressure. (ii) Functions of each of the parts labelled II and VI: - II: It is a container that holds the liquid or gas being used in the experiment. - VI: It is a valve or stopper that controls the flow of liquid or gas in the experiment. (iii) Types of materials that could be present in each of the set-ups labelled: (a) III: Water, Mercury (b) VII: Air, Oxygen (iv) The reason why the direction of water flow in A must not be reversed is to prevent backflow, which could cause a decrease in pressure and disrupt the experiment. QUESTION 2 (a) (i) Three ways of conserving energy in the home are: 1. Using energy-efficient appliances and lighting. 2. Insulating the home properly to reduce heat loss. 3. Turning off lights and unplugging devices when not in use. (ii) To calculate the energy used by the electrical appliance, we can use the formula: Energy = Power x Time Given that the power is 4000 W and the time is 12 hours, we can substitute these values into the formula: Energy = 4000 W x 12 hours = 48,000 Wh or 48 kWh (b) (i) Two examples of an acid-base indicator are: 1. Litmus 2. Phenolphthalein (ii) The color change of each indicator in orange juice is as follows: 1. Litmus: Red in acidic conditions (orange juice is acidic) and blue in basic conditions. 2. Phenolphthalein: Colorless in acidic conditions (orange juice is acidic) and pink in basic conditions. (c) Four activities that could be undertaken to ensure a green economy in Ghana are: 1. Promoting sustainable agriculture practices. 2. Encouraging the use of renewable energy sources. 3. Supporting eco-friendly industries and businesses. 4. Implementing waste management and recycling programs. Two primary greenhouse gases associated with industrialization are: 1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) 2. Methane (CH4) (d) Compost can be prepared for a backyard garden by following these steps: 1. Collect organic waste such as kitchen scraps, leaves, and grass clippings. 2. Layer the organic waste with soil or sand to create a compost pile. 3. Turn the compost pile regularly to aerate it and speed up decomposition. 4. Once the compost pile has decomposed and turned into dark, crumbly material, it is ready to be used as a natural fertilizer for the garden. (i) Two animal products used in preparing protein-rich feed for poultry are: 1. Fish meal 2. Meat and bone meal (ii) Two plant products used in preparing carbohydrate-rich feed for poultry are: 1. Corn 2. Barley QUESTION 3 (a) (i) Two animal products used in preparing protein-rich feed for poultry are fish meal and bone meal. (ii) Two plant products used in preparing carbohydrate-rich feed for poultry are corn and barley. (b) The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It involves several processes: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow. Water from oceans, lakes, and rivers evaporates due to the heat from the sun, forming water vapor in the atmosphere. This water vapor condenses to form clouds, and eventually falls back to the Earth as precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, or hail). Some of the water infiltrates into the ground, replenishing groundwater supplies, while some runs off the surface, eventually making its way back to the oceans, lakes, and rivers. (c) (i) The two major components of air are nitrogen (approximately 78%) and oxygen (approximately 21%). The two major components of vinegar are acetic acid (approximately 5-20%) and water (approximately 80-95%). (ii) In both air and vinegar, water acts as the solvent. In air, water vapor is the solvent for the gases that make up air. In vinegar, water is the solvent for the acetic acid. (d) (i) Two reasons why there is no life on the planet Jupiter are: 1. Jupiter is a gas giant planet, primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, with no solid surface for life to exist on. 2. The intense radiation and strong magnetic field on Jupiter make it inhospitable for life as we know it. Two other outer planets without life are Saturn and Uranus. QUESTION 4 A i. A kitchen knife is sharpened in order to cut a piece of yam easily because a sharp knife requires less force to cut through the yam, reducing the effort needed to cut it. Additionally, a sharp knife provides a cleaner and more precise cut, which is important for preparing food. ii. The pressure exerted can be calculated using the formula: Pressure = Force / Area Given: Force = 10 N Area = 1 x 10^-3 m^2 Pressure = 10 N / 1 x 10^-3 m^2 = 10,000 Pa i. The procedure used to estimate the pH value of a soil sample involves the following steps: - Collect a soil sample from the desired location. - Grind the soil sample into a fine powder. - Mix the soil powder with distilled water to form a soil suspension. - Use a pH meter or pH paper to measure the pH of the soil suspension. - Record the pH value obtained. ii. (i) The significance of the values 150/90 mmHg in a patient's blood pressure reading is as follows: - The first value (150) represents the systolic blood pressure, which is the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats. - The second value (90) represents the diastolic blood pressure, which is the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats. - A blood pressure reading of 150/90 mmHg indicates high blood pressure (hypertension). (ii) Three remedies that could be recommended to the patient with a blood pressure reading of 150/90 mmHg, other than medication, are: - Regular exercise: Engaging in regular physical activity can help lower blood pressure. - Healthy diet: Consuming a balanced diet with low sodium intake can contribute to lowering blood pressure. - Stress management: Techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, or yoga can help manage stress and reduce blood pressure. Question 5 (a) (i) Organic farming: Organic farming is a method of crop and livestock production that involves much careful attention to detail so as to avoid the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, and livestock feed additives. Instead, organic farmers rely on crop rotations, compost, cover crops, and other techniques to maintain soil productivity and control pests. (ii) Mixed farming: Mixed farming is a type of farming where crops and livestock are raised on the same land. The crops are grown to provide feed for the livestock, while the livestock provide manure to fertilize the crops. This type of farming is common in regions where the climate and soil are suitable for both crops and livestock. (iii) Mixed cropping: Mixed cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land during a single season. This method helps in risk mitigation as it ensures a steady income from different crops. It also helps in maintaining soil fertility and preventing soil erosion. (b) (i) Oil and water: Oil and water form a heterogeneous mixture because oil does not mix with water and forms separate layers. (ii) Salt and water: Salt and water form a homogeneous mixture because when salt is dissolved in water, it forms a uniform solution. (iii) Ethanol and water: Ethanol and water form a homogeneous mixture because when ethanol is mixed with water, it forms a uniform solution. (c) (i) Two reasons why energy from the sun is said to be renewable: 1. The sun is a natural source of energy and will continue to shine for billions of years. 2. Solar energy can be harnessed using various technologies, making it a sustainable and reliable source of energy. (ii) Three differences between heat and temperature: 1. Heat is a form of energy, while temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. 2. Heat can be transferred from one object to another, while temperature cannot be transferred. 3. Heat is measured in joules, while temperature is measured in degrees Celsius or Kelvin. (d) (i) Two effects of leaching on the Nitrogen cycle: 1. Leaching can lead to the loss of nitrogen from the soil, reducing its availability for plants. 2. Leaching can contaminate groundwater with nitrates, which can be harmful to human health. (ii) Two effects of the removal of leguminous plants on the Nitrogen cycle: 1. Leguminous plants have nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots, which convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use. Removing these plants reduces the amount of nitrogen available in the soil. 2. The removal of leguminous plants can disrupt the balance of the Nitrogen cycle, leading to a decrease in soil fertility and an increase in the use of synthetic fertilizers. 3.