Click here to get complete notes क्लिक करें आपको नोटस मिल जायेंगे ...Tell us Subject https://wa.me/+919257007505?text=Send_me_notes_My_subject_medium_is_विषय_है JUNE 2025 EXAM (TEACHING & RESEARCH APTITUDE) JRF Topic PROFESSOR ADDA NOTES BOOKLET Theory of Constructivism in Teaching and Learning Overview: Constructivism is a significant educational theory emphasizing that learners actively construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. It shifts the focus from teacher-centered to learner-centered education. Key Contributors: Jean Piaget (1896–1980): Emphasized cognitive development in children and the role of schemas in constructing knowledge. Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934): Highlighted the social and cultural influence on learning; developed the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Jerome Bruner (1915–2016): Supported discovery learning and the spiral curriculum approach. Core Principles of Constructivism: 1. Learning is an active process – Learners construct new ideas based on current/past knowledge. 2. Knowledge is constructed, not transmitted – Teachers act as facilitators. 3. Learning is contextual – It occurs more effectively in real-world and meaningful settings. 4. Social interaction plays a fundamental role – Learning occurs through dialogue and collaboration. 5. Learner autonomy and initiative are central – Students take ownership of learning. Types of Constructivism: Cognitive Constructivism (Piaget) – Focuses on individual learning processes. Social Constructivism (Vygotsky) – Emphasizes social context and collaboration. Facts & Data: According to a UNESCO (2023) report, constructivist approaches enhance student engagement by 35% compared to traditional methods. National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 strongly encourages constructivist pedagogy through experiential learning and inquiry-based education. Important Books: “The Construction of Reality in the Child” by Jean Piaget “Mind in Society” by Lev Vygotsky “The Process of Education” by Jerome Bruner “How People Learn” – National Research Council (U.S.)