*Helicobacter pylori* (H. pylori) is mainly spread through: 1. *Fecal-oral route* – Contact with contaminated stool (e.g. poor handwashing after using the toilet). 2. *Oral-oral route* – Through saliva (e.g. kissing or sharing utensils). 3. *Contaminated food or water* – Poor hygiene in food handling or drinking unclean water. Good hygiene, safe food handling, and clean drinking water help reduce the spread.