MCQs with explanation 1. Which of the following research paradigms is fundamentally associated with critical theory and aims to challenge and transform societal structures? A. Positivism B. Constructivism C. Interpretivism D. Emancipatory Research Answer: D. Emancipatory Research Explanation: Emancipatory research is rooted in critical theory, primarily influenced by Karl Marx, Jürgen Habermas, and Paulo Freire. It goes beyond understanding phenomena to transforming oppressive societal structures. The objective is not merely to interpret the world, but to change it, aligning with Marx's notion: “The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point, however, is to change it.” It is participant-centered, giving voice to marginalized groups. It emphasizes social justice, empowerment, and transformation. Commonly used in feminist research, disability studies, and post-colonial studies. Contrasts with positivism (objective, scientific inquiry) and interpretivism (subjective meaning-making). This paradigm is highly relevant in educational research where inequality and power structures are being interrogated. 2. In the context of ICT, what is the primary function of a router in a computer network? A. It provides antivirus protection. B. It connects devices within a single LAN. C. It forwards data packets between computer networks. D. It stores websites for faster access. Answer: C. It forwards data packets between computer networks. Explanation: A router is a layer-3 network device (OSI model) responsible for directing data packets between different networks, especially from a local network (LAN) to the internet (WAN). It uses IP addresses to determine the best path for forwarding packets. Unlike a switch, which connects devices within the same LAN, a router handles inter-network communication. The concept of packet-switching, developed by Paul Baran and Donald Davies, is foundational to router operations. Modern routers also provide NAT (Network Address Translation), firewall protection, and Wi-Fi access. Routers are crucial for internet communication, ensuring packets reach the correct destination via the most efficient route. 3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of formative assessment? A. It provides continuous feedback. B. It focuses on learner improvement. C. It is used primarily for grading. D. It informs instructional adjustments. Answer: C. It is used primarily for grading. Explanation: Formative assessment is assessment for learning, rather than assessment of learning. Its primary purpose is to provide ongoing feedback to both teachers and learners. Designed by educational theorists like Black & Wiliam (1998), formative assessment helps in identifying learning gaps. It includes techniques like peer assessment, quizzes, observation, exit tickets, etc. It is diagnostic, not evaluative—unlike summative assessment which is used for grading and certification. It improves teaching strategies and student outcomes by adjusting content and pedagogy dynamically. Thus, using it primarily for grading contradicts its purpose. 4. According to Bloom's revised taxonomy, which cognitive level involves the ability to justify a decision or course of action? A. Applying B. Analyzing C. Evaluating D. Creating Answer: C. Evaluating Explanation: In Bloom's Revised Taxonomy (2001) by Anderson and Krathwohl, the cognitive domain is structured as: Remember → Understand → Apply → Analyze → Evaluate → Create 🔹Evaluation is the second-highest cognitive level, which involves critiquing, judging, and justifying decisions based on criteria. 🔹It goes beyond analysis by assigning value and determining validity or effectiveness. 🔹Example verbs: justify, critique, appraise, defend. 🔹For instance, choosing the best teaching method among alternatives and justifying why is an act of evaluation. This level is crucial in professional decision-making contexts. NET /JRF Institute Helpline No- 7690022111