Today's Cocept ...... 🔶RESEARCH DESIGN Research design includes the complete framework of methods and techniques selected by a researcher to carry out the proposed study. There are three main sections of a research design data collection, measurement, and analysis structured in a more or less logical manner so that the research process is conducted smoothly without obstructions. The research design is determined by the type of the research problem which is proposed to be studied. A good research design produces the least margin of error in experimental research. Join UGC NET PDF notes SET/PGT/Asst. Professor To get complete study notes click here wa.me/+919694190992?text=Send_me_notes ▪️The research design includes the following: 1. Exact purpose statement of research 2.Problem statement that is to be answered 3. Probable objections to the research 4. Settings/ environment for research 5. Type of research methodology study 6. Techniques of sampling/data collection 7. Scale and measurement of variables 8. Method of analysis of collected data 9. Timeline ▪️RESEARCH PARADIGMS A research paradigm is defined as "the set of common beliefs and agreements shared between scientists about how problems should be understood and addressed" . It is a specific model of conducting a research that has been validated and practised by researchers for many years. Every research uses one research paradigm to develop the research methodology for a valid and appropriate study. Many paradigms have emerged from the two basic ones Positivism and Constructivism/Interpretivism. Of these, the most common are Post-positivism, Pragmatism, Transformative, Critical theory. A research paradigm has the following components: ▪️Ontology: It answers 'What is the nature of reality/ truth?" It constitutes how reality is organized and how it develops; and encompasses the set of concepts and categories whose properties and inter-relations represent the paradigm. ▪️Epistemology: It answers 'What is the nature of knowledge? Or 'What does knowledge amount to?" It encompasses the general parameters, possibilities, nature, sources, assumptions and limitations associated with the paradigm, including the relationship between the researcher/evaluator and the stakeholders needed to achieve accurate knowledge. ▪️Praxeology/Methodology: It constitutes the practice/ action or set of specific procedures/ techniques used in the paradigm. Axiology: It embodies the assumptions about ethics in the research paradigm. 🔶TYPES OF RESEARCH PARADIGM 1. Positivism It believes only knowledge gained through direct observation as factual and trustworthy. According to the positivist paradigm of exploring social reality, true knowledge is based on experience of senses and can be obtained by observation and experiment. It emphasizes quantitative analysis over qualitative analysis. Determinism, empiricism, parsimony and generality are the defining characteristics of Positivistic research. Determinism means that since events are determined by other circumstances, understanding of such causal links becomes. essential in order to gain control and facilitate prediction. Empiricism pertains to the researcher collecting verifiable empirical evidences in support of theories or hypotheses by following a deductive approach, staying objective and independent from the study and concentrating on facts rather than human interests. Parsimony refers to the explanation of the phenomena in the most efficient way possible. Generality is the process of generalising the observation of the particular phenomenon to the world at large. 2.Constructivism/Interpretivism It developed as a critique of positivism in social sciences. It opposes the positivist idea that knowledge can only be generated through a scientific method; and argues that it is ratherconstructed by the researcher. It holds that knowledge and therefore all meaningful reality as such, is constructed when information comes into contact with existing knowledge based on human experiences.