*🧠 A–Z of Essential Coding Concepts – With Explanations* *A – Algorithms*: Step-by-step procedures to solve a problem. Examples: sorting, searching. *B – Binary Numbers*: Computers use binary (0s and 1s) to represent data and instructions. *C – Conditionals*: Code decisions using `if`, `else if`, `else`. Direct program flow. *D – Data Structures*: Organize data efficiently—arrays, lists, stacks, queues, trees, graphs. *E – Encapsulation*: OOP principle of hiding data and only exposing necessary parts via methods. *F – Functions*: Reusable blocks of code that perform a specific task. Reduces repetition. *G – Git & Version Control*: Tools like Git help manage code history, collaborate, and roll back changes. *H – Hashing*: Converts input into a fixed-size value (hash). Used in hash tables, passwords, etc. *I – Inheritance*: OOP feature where a class can inherit properties and methods from another class. *J – JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)*: Lightweight data format used for storing and exchanging data. *K – Keywords*: Reserved words in programming languages (e.g., `if`, `return`, `class`) that have special meaning. *L – Loops*: Execute a block of code repeatedly (`for`, `while`). *M – Memory Management*: How a program allocates and frees memory. Automatic (Python) or manual (C++). *N – Null / None / Nil*: Represents “no value”. Language-dependent (`None` in Python, `null` in Java). *O – Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)*: Programming using objects and classes. Principles include encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. *P – Polymorphism*: OOP feature where the same method can behave differently based on the object. *Q – Queues*: FIFO (First-In-First-Out) data structure. Think of people lining up. *R – Recursion*: A function calling itself to solve smaller instances of the same problem. *S – Stacks*: LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) data structure. Think undo actions. *T – Time Complexity*: Measures algorithm efficiency. Big-O notation like O(n), O(log n). *U – Unit Testing*: Testing individual parts (functions, classes) to ensure they work as expected. *V – Variables*: Names used to store data in memory during program execution. *W – While Loops*: Loop that runs while a condition is true. *X – XML (eXtensible Markup Language)*: Used to store and transport data with a defined structure. *Y – Yield*: Returns a value in a generator function without ending the function (Python). *Z – Zero-Based Indexing* Most languages start arrays/lists from index 0, not 1. Important to avoid off-by-one errors. *React ❤️ for more!*