🔆 India’s Taxation & Fiscal Snapshot (2024-25) 📍 Tax to GDP Ratio ✅ Centre: 12% ✅ Centre + States Combined: 18% 🔸 (Compared to ~34% in OECD countries) 📍 Tax Buoyancy (2024–25) ✅ Estimated at 1.18 🔸 (Reflects responsiveness of tax revenue growth to GDP growth) 📍 Composition of Central Tax Revenue ✅ Direct Taxes: 52% ✅ Indirect Taxes: 48% 📍 Taxpayer Base in India ✅ Only 6% of Indians pay income tax 🔸 Of which, ~50% have zero tax liability 📍 Public Debt (Centre + States) ✅ Total: 90% of GDP • Centre: 60%, States: 30% • Internal Debt: 87%, External Debt: 3% 📍 Capital Expenditure (2023–24) ✅ Highest ever capex by Centre: 3.4% of GDP 🔆 Takeaway Despite rising capex and tax buoyancy, India’s tax base remains narrow, and public debt levels are high, demanding fiscal prudence and structural reforms. #data #gs2 #gs3 #gs1 #mains