📘 1. ICAO Annex 16 – Environmental Protection Annex 16 is divided into four volumes, each covering a different environmental impact of aviation: 🔹 Volume I – Aircraft Noise ▪️Establishes noise certification standards for different aircraft categories. ▪️Aims to limit and reduce aircraft noise at the source. 🔹 Volume II – Aircraft Engine Emissions ▪️Specifies limits for gaseous emissions (NOx, CO, HC) from jet engines. ▪️Supports efforts to mitigate local air quality impacts. 🔹 Volume III – CO₂ Emissions ▪️Introduced a global CO₂ emissions certification standard for aircraft. ▪️Aims to improve fuel efficiency and reduce climate impact. 🔹 Volume IV – Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) ▪️A global market-based measure to offset CO₂ emissions from international flights. ▪️Includes monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) requirements. 🌍 2. Key ICAO Environmental Programs 🛫 CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) ▪️Adopted in 2016. ▪️Requires airlines to purchase carbon offsets for emissions growth above 2020 levels. ▪️Phased implementation: Pilot Phase (2021–2023), First Phase (2024–2026), Mandatory from 2027 (for most states). 💨 Aircraft Engine Emissions Standards ICAO has adopted standards for: ▪️Hydrocarbons (HC) ▪️Carbon monoxide (CO) ▪️Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) ▪️Smoke and particulate matter (PM) 🔊 Balanced Approach to Aircraft Noise Management ICAO promotes a four-pillar "Balanced Approach": 1. Reduction of noise at source 2. Land-use planning and management 3. Noise abatement operational procedures 4. Operating restrictions (as a last resort) 🔧 3. ICAO Tools and Resources ✅ State Action Plans ▪️ICAO encourages states to develop national Action Plans on CO₂ emissions reduction. ▪️Allows states to set measures (technology, operations, alternative fuels). ⛽ Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) ▪️ICAO supports the development and deployment of SAF. ▪️Encourages lifecycle carbon reductions and environmental sustainability. 📊 Environmental Tools Suite ICAO provides tools like: ▪️ICAO Carbon Emissions Calculator ▪️Environmental Benefits Tool (EBT) ▪️CORSIA Central Registry (CCR) ⚖️ 4. Legal and Strategic Framework 🔹 Chicago Convention (1944) Provides ICAO’s legal authority over environmental standards in civil aviation. 🔹 ICAO Assembly Resolutions ▪️Resolutions from the triennial ICAO Assembly guide environmental action, including: ▪️A40-18: Consolidated statement on continuing policies and practices. 🔹 Long-Term Aspirational Goal (LTAG) ICAO is working toward achieving net-zero CO₂ emissions by 2050 for international aviation.