UPSC Notes Prelims Mains CSAT Ethics Essay Polity History Geography Economy StatePCS Quiz MCQs Trick

UPSC Notes Prelims Mains CSAT Ethics Essay Polity History Geography Economy StatePCS Quiz MCQs Trick

6/14/2025, 3:07:26 AM

*🛡️Kanheri Caves* ♟️The Kanheri Caves are a group of caves and rock-cut monuments located on the western outskirts of Mumbai. ♟️The caves are located within the forests of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park. ♟️The name Kanheri is derived from ‘Kanhagiri’ in Prakrit and occurs in the Nasik inscription of the Satavahana ruler Vasisthiputra Pulumavi. ♟️Kanheri was mentioned in the travelogues of foreign travellers. ♟️The earliest reference of Kanheri is ascribed to Fa-Hein who visited India during 399-411 CE and later by several other travellers. *♟️Architecture* These excavations were primarily undertaken during the Hinayana phase of Buddhism but also has several examples of the Mahayana stylistic architecture as well as few printings of the Vajrayana order. *♟️Patronage* Kanheri flourished under the patronage of Satavahana, Traikutakas, Vakatakas and Silaharas and through donations made by the wealthy merchants of the region. *♟️Significance* Kanheri caves are part of our ancient heritage as they provide evidence of evolution and our past. ♟️The architectural and engineering marvel of heritage sites like Kanheri caves or the Ajanta Ellora caves signify the knowledge about art, engineering, management construction, patience and perseverance that people had back then. ♟️Many such monuments back then took more than 100 years to be built. ♟️Its importance is heightened by the fact that it is the only centre where a continuous progression of Buddhist faith and architecture is observed as an unbroken legacy right from 2nd century CE to 9th century CE is observed here.

UPSC Notes Prelims Mains CSAT Ethics Essay Polity History Geography Economy StatePCS Quiz MCQs Trick

6/14/2025, 12:28:56 AM

*🛡️India’s Gender Gap Report 2025 – Key Insights* *💎India’s Ranking* ♟️Ranked 131 out of 148 countries with 64.1% parity score. ♟️Among lowest-ranked in South Asia. *💎Sectoral Highlights* ♟️Educational attainment: High score of 97.1%. ♟️Labour participation: Stagnant at 45.9%. ♟️Measured on: economic opportunity, education, health, political empowerment. *💎Global Context* ♟️Iceland tops for 16th year; Bangladesh is South Asia’s best (rank 24). ♟️Global gender gap closed by 68.8%, but full parity is still 123 years away.

UPSC Notes Prelims Mains CSAT Ethics Essay Polity History Geography Economy StatePCS Quiz MCQs Trick

6/14/2025, 11:15:43 AM

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UPSC Notes Prelims Mains CSAT Ethics Essay Polity History Geography Economy StatePCS Quiz MCQs Trick

6/14/2025, 6:30:43 AM

*🛡️Governors-General & Viceroys Time Period* *💎Governor-General of Bengal (1773-1833)* ♟️Warren Hastings (1773-1785) ♟️Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) ♟️Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) ♟️Lord Minto I (1807-1813) ♟️Lord Hastings (1813-1823) ♟️Lord Amherst (1823-1828) *💎Governor-General of India (1833-58)* ♟️Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835) ♟️Lord Auckland (1836-1842) ♟️Lord Hardinge I (1844-1848) ♟️Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) *💎Viceroy (1858-1947)* ♟️Lord Canning (1856-1862) ♟️Lord John Lawrence (1864-1869) ♟️Lord Lytton (1876-1880) ♟️Lord Ripon (1880-1884) ♟️Lord Dufferin (1884-1888) ♟️Lord Lansdowne (1888-1894) ♟️Lord Curzon (1899-1905) ♟️Lord Minto II (1905-1910) ♟️Lord Hardinge II (1910-1916) ♟️Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921) ♟️Lord Reading (1921-1926) ♟️Lord Irwin (1926-1931) ♟️Lord Willingdon (1931-1936) ♟️Lord Linlithgow (1936-1944) ♟️Lord Wavell (1944-1947) ♟️Lord Mountbatten (1947-1948) ♟️Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (1948- 1950)

UPSC Notes Prelims Mains CSAT Ethics Essay Polity History Geography Economy StatePCS Quiz MCQs Trick

6/13/2025, 3:31:01 PM

*🛡️Important Ports Globally* *♟️Shanghai -China -* World's busiest container port, major hub for East Asian trade, advanced automation Singapore Singapore Major global transhipment hub, strategic location connecting key trade routes, efficient operations. *♟️Rotterdam - Netherlands -* The largest port in Europe, a major gateway to the continent, well-developed infrastructure. *♟️Jebel Ali - United Arab Emirates -* The largest port in the Middle East, a major hub for transhipment and container traffic, focuses on innovation and technology *♟️Hong Kong - China :* Deep-water port, strategic location in South China Sea, leading financial centre *♟️Busan - South Korea :* The largest port in South Korea, a key hub for Northeast Asian trade, strong container handling capacity ♟️ *Los Angeles/Long Beach - United States :* Combined largest container port complex in the US, a key gateway for West Coast trade, advanced cargo handling technology *♟️Kaohsiung - Taiwan :* The largest port in Taiwan, a major hub for container and bulk cargo, focuses on sustainability initiatives *♟️Guangzhou -China :* A major port in Pearl River Delta, diverse cargo handling, significant for manufacturing exports *♟️Qingdao - China :* A major port in Shandong province, significant for coal and container traffic, expanding hinterland connections *♟️Antwerp - Belgium :* A major port in Europe, a key gateway for chemicals and project cargo, with strong inland connections *♟️Hamburg - Germany :* The largest port in Germany, a major gateway for Central and Eastern Europe, focuses on intermodal transport *♟️Tokyo - Japan :* A major port in Japan, crucial for domestic and international trade, advanced logistics infrastructure *♟️Dubai - United Arab Emirates :* A major port in Dubai, important for container, cruise, and tourism industries, focuses on luxury goods and re-exports *♟️Miami - United States :* Major port in Florida, leading cruise ship hub, significant for container traffic and perishable goods *♟️Ho Chi Minh City - Vietnam :* The largest port in Vietnam, a major hub for Southeast Asian trade, growing container handling capacity *♟️Tanjung Pelepas -* Malaysia : A major port in Johor, known for efficiency and container handling capabilities, focuses on automation and technology *♟️Klang - Malaysia :* Major port near Kuala Lumpur, key hub for Southeast Asian trade, diverse cargo handling *♟️Nhava Sheva - India :* Largest container port in India, located near Mumbai, growing importance in regional trade *♟️Colombo - Sri Lanka :* Strategically located port in the Indian Ocean, growing container handling capacity, focus on South Asian trade *♟️Tianjin - China :* Major port near Beijing, important for container and bulk cargo, expanding hinterland connections *♟️Barcelona - Spain :* A major port in the Mediterranean, a leading cruise ship hub, and significant for container and car exports *♟️Santos - Brazil :* The largest port in South America, a major hub for Brazilian exports like soybeans, focuses on infrastructure development *♟️St. Petersburg - Russia :* A major port in Russia, a key gateway for Baltic Sea trade, handling diverse cargo types *♟️Piraeus - Greece :* Major port in the Mediterranean, growing importance in container traffic, strategic location for East-West trade *♟️TanjungPriok - Indonesia :* The largest port in Indonesia, a major hub for Southeast Asian trade, diverse cargo handling. *♟️Dalian - China* : A major port in Northeast China, significant for coal and iron ore exports.

UPSC Notes Prelims Mains CSAT Ethics Essay Polity History Geography Economy StatePCS Quiz MCQs Trick

6/14/2025, 10:31:26 AM

*🛡️Glaciers and Their Associated Rivers* *♟️ 1. Batura –* Hunza *♟️2. Hispar –* Hispar *♟️ 3. Biafo –* Braldu *♟️ 4. Kedar Bamak –* Mandakini *♟️5. Godwin Austen –* Tributary of Baltoro Glacier *♟️6. Siachen –* Nubra *♟️7. Baltoro –* Braldu *♟️8. Bandarpunch –* Hanuman Ganga *♟️9. Gangotri –* Bhagirathi *♟️10. Yamunotri –* Yamuna *♟️11. Satopanth –* Alaknanda *♟️12. Milam –* Saryu *♟️ 13. Pindari –* Pindar (tributary of Alaknanda) *♟️14. Zemu –* Lanchen (tributary of Teesta) *♟️15. Kunchenjunga* – Kanchen (very small river)

UPSC Notes Prelims Mains CSAT Ethics Essay Polity History Geography Economy StatePCS Quiz MCQs Trick

6/14/2025, 4:17:35 PM

*🛡️Santhal Revolt 1856* ♟️ Agricultural people settled in Rajmahal Hills of Bihar. ♟️Practised shifting agriculture. ♟️British wanted them to adopt settled agriculture which will help EIC to extract taxes. ♟️The Santhal life was disrupted by the onslaught of the Zamindari system that they introduced. They were rendered landless bonded labourers in their own homes. ♟️Two Santhal brothers Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu organised 10,000 Santhals and proclaimed a rebellion against the British. ♟️Bloody suppression of revolt

UPSC Notes Prelims Mains CSAT Ethics Essay Polity History Geography Economy StatePCS Quiz MCQs Trick

6/14/2025, 3:33:03 PM

*🛡️Sanyasi Revolt* ♟️Sanyasis used to get patronage from small jamindars and chieftains. ♟️British dispossessed them after Plassey and Buxar battles leading to stoppage of Patronage. ♟️Famine added fuel to this resentment in Sanyasis. ♟️Majnum Shah (or Majnu Shah), Chirag Ali, Musa Shah, Bhawani Pathak and Debi Chaudhurani were important leaders. ♟️Debi Chaudhurani’s participation recognises the women’s role in early resistances against the British. ♟️Anand Math, a semi-historical novel by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, is based on the Sanyasi Revolt.

UPSC Notes Prelims Mains CSAT Ethics Essay Polity History Geography Economy StatePCS Quiz MCQs Trick

6/13/2025, 3:31:33 PM

*🛡️Governor Vs Lt. Governor Powers* ♟️President is final decision-making authority in case of dispute between LG and cabinet of UT. ♟️In general, Governor of a state has to act solely on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, whereas, the LG does not need the approval of the Council of Ministers on every matter. ♟️Unlike Governor which has dual role to play i.e. Constitutional Head of the state as well as agent of the President, LG is not Constitutional head of the UT but only an agent of President. ♟️Chief Ministers of Delhi and Puducherry are appointed by the President and not by LG, whereas the Chief Ministers of states are appointed by the Governor. ♟️CM give resignation to LG and not to Presiden *Hit 👍🏻❤️👌🏻 To Appreciate Our Consistent Efforts*

UPSC Notes Prelims Mains CSAT Ethics Essay Polity History Geography Economy StatePCS Quiz MCQs Trick

6/13/2025, 2:23:49 PM

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