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UPSC mapping UPSC UPSC UPPSC MPPSC UPSC UPSC Upsc UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC BPSC SSC CSAT UPSC™

6/14/2025, 4:56:40 PM

🔆 Cold Lava (Lahar): A Silent but Deadly Force 📍 Context: The Mount Kanlaon volcano in the Philippines recently witnessed rivers of cold lava, also known as lahars. 📌 What is Cold Lava (Lahar)? ✅ A fast-moving slurry of water, volcanic ash, rock fragments, and pumice. ✅ Forms when volcanic ash mixes with heavy rain or when glacial ice melts, even without eruptions. ✅ Moves at high speeds, reaching hundreds of km/h, making it more dangerous than slow-moving lava. ✅ Hot & destructive**—traps heat, **burns everything in its path, causes property damage & loss of life. ✅ Creates floods by damming rivers, harming ecosystems, and increasing flood risks. ⚠️ How to Mitigate Lahars? ✅ Early warning systems & engineering solutions can reduce damage. ✅ Community education on lahar-prone zones saves lives. 🌋 Lava vs. Magma: 🟠 Magma – Found inside the Earth (molten rock in the mantle). 🔴 Lava – Magma that has reached the surface through a volcanic vent. #ColdLava #Lahar #VolcanoHazards #DisasterPreparedness #Geography

UPSC mapping UPSC UPSC UPPSC MPPSC UPSC UPSC Upsc UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC BPSC SSC CSAT UPSC™

6/16/2025, 3:12:17 PM

🔆 Factors Responsible for Localization of Agro-Based Food Processing Industries in North-West India (UPSC Mains 2019) 📍 Region Covered: Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, parts of Rajasthan 📍 Key Contributing Factors ✅ Raw Material Availability • Fertile alluvial plains enable intensive agriculture • Rich in wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits & vegetables ✅ Irrigation & Water Resources • Extensive canal networks like Indira Gandhi Canal • Widespread tubewell irrigation ensures reliable water supply ✅ Favorable Climate • Temperate conditions support perishable crop cultivation (fruits, vegetables) ✅ Well-Developed Transport Network • Dense rail & road systems help raw material procurement and market linkage ✅ Policy Support • States like Punjab & Haryana offer subsidies, tax benefits, & infrastructure via food processing policies ✅ Mandis & Cold Chains • Strong presence of regulated mandis • Expanding cold storage and logistics chains enhance supply-chain efficiency ✅ Skilled & Semi-Skilled Workforce • Availability of local & migrant labor for production, packaging, and logistics ✅ Proximity to Large Markets • Delhi NCR & major cities act as key consumption hubs for processed food ✅ Research & Extension Support • Institutions like Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) aid with R&D, innovation, and farmer outreach 🔆 Conclusion A synergistic mix of agri-resource richness, policy incentives, market access, and infrastructure has made North-West India a hub for agro-based food processing industries. #Geography

UPSC mapping UPSC UPSC UPPSC MPPSC UPSC UPSC Upsc UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC BPSC SSC CSAT UPSC™

6/15/2025, 5:27:31 AM

*EDGE & SCOPE FOR MAINS* UNDER GUIDANCE OF UPSC TOPPERS.. 🌟 *COURSE FEATURES* : 1️⃣ Decoding Mains through PYQs & it's themes + Readymade skeleton GS Papers. 2⃣ Innovative way of answer writing other than traditional answer writing approach. 3️⃣ To The Point Study Material For Essay, GS-1, 2, 3, 4 + Value addition pdf. 4️⃣ Hand holding approach for Mains Preparation. 🌟 *Course Link* 👇 https://delhiupscsecrets.com/new-courses/77-edge-scope-for-mains-2025-26 🌟 *Platform Charges :* 699/- (5000) Limited period offer *Download EDGE & SCOPE BATCH Notes* 👇 t.me/delhiupscsecrets_official

UPSC mapping UPSC UPSC UPPSC MPPSC UPSC UPSC Upsc UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC BPSC SSC CSAT UPSC™

6/15/2025, 7:30:41 AM

🔆Brahmani River: ✅It is one of the major rivers in eastern India, primarily flowing through ✅The river is known as Dhamra in its lower reaches. Course: ✅It is formed by the confluence of the Sankh and South Koel rivers near the major industrial town of Rourkela in Odisha. ✅Both the sources of the Brahmani River are on the Chota Nagpur Plateau. ✅The Sankh River has its origins near the Jharkhand-Chhattisgarh border, along with the South Koel River, which also rises in Jharkhand. ✅The basin flows through Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha, draining a total area of 39,033 sq.km. before it outfalls into the Bay of Bengal. ✅Together with the rivers Mahanadi and Baitarani, it forms a large delta before emptying into the Bay of Bengal at Palmyras Point, Odisha. ✅The Brahmani delta is the site of the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, famous for its estuarine crocodiles. Length: The total length of its run is about 799 km, of which 541 km are in Odisha itself. ✅It is one of the few rivers that cut across the Eastern G

UPSC mapping UPSC UPSC UPPSC MPPSC UPSC UPSC Upsc UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC BPSC SSC CSAT UPSC™

6/17/2025, 2:10:09 PM

🔆 Ocean Pollution: A Global Environmental Threat 📍 What is Ocean Pollution? Ocean pollution refers to the introduction of plastics, toxic metals, chemicals, and agricultural runoff into marine ecosystems, leading to ecological imbalance and human health risks. 📍 Key Impacts ✅ Microplastics Menace • Account for 80% of ocean debris • Ingested by marine animals, reaching humans via seafood • Detected at 100m depth, disrupting the carbon cycle 📖 Source: Nature (2023) ✅ Harmed Marine Life • Ingestion leads to reduced feeding and poor health • Pollutants destroy habitats, threaten biodiversity ✅ Oxygen Depletion • Decomposing waste consumes oxygen, suffocating marine life ✅ Risks to Human Health • Contaminated seafood • Toxic aerosols from sea spray may affect coastal populations 📍 Mitigation Measures ✅ Climate Change Action • Cut greenhouse gas emissions to ease ocean stress ✅ Enhanced Monitoring • Invest in data, satellite tech to track oxygen levels & pollution sources ✅ Awareness & Behaviour Change • Public education to reduce plastic use & marine dumping 📍 Global Action & Treaties ✅ MARPOL – Regulates pollution from ships ✅ UNCLOS – Ensures sustainable ocean governance ✅ High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement, 2023) • Adopted under UNCLOS • Focus: Conserve marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction • Targets: Reduce pollution, support sustainable use of high seas resources 📍 Fact Sheet ✅ Plastic = 80% of all marine pollution ✅ 8–10 million metric tons/year plastic enters oceans ✅ By 2050, plastic could outweigh all fish 📖 Source: UNESCO, Environmental Studies #environment

UPSC mapping UPSC UPSC UPPSC MPPSC UPSC UPSC Upsc UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC BPSC SSC CSAT UPSC™

6/13/2025, 4:41:33 PM

🔆 Cold Lava (Lahar): A Silent but Deadly Force 📍 Context: The Mount Kanlaon volcano in the Philippines recently witnessed rivers of cold lava, also known as lahars. 📌 What is Cold Lava (Lahar)? ✅ A fast-moving slurry of water, volcanic ash, rock fragments, and pumice. ✅ Forms when volcanic ash mixes with heavy rain or when glacial ice melts, even without eruptions. ✅ Moves at high speeds, reaching hundreds of km/h, making it more dangerous than slow-moving lava. ✅ Hot & destructive**—traps heat, **burns everything in its path, causes property damage & loss of life. ✅ Creates floods by damming rivers, harming ecosystems, and increasing flood risks. ⚠️ How to Mitigate Lahars? ✅ Early warning systems & engineering solutions can reduce damage. ✅ Community education on lahar-prone zones saves lives. 🌋 Lava vs. Magma: 🟠 Magma – Found inside the Earth (molten rock in the mantle). 🔴 Lava – Magma that has reached the surface through a volcanic vent. #ColdLava #Lahar #VolcanoHazards #DisasterPreparedness #Geography

UPSC mapping UPSC UPSC UPPSC MPPSC UPSC UPSC Upsc UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC BPSC SSC CSAT UPSC™

6/12/2025, 2:00:03 PM

🔆 Rain-Bearing Systems 📍 Arabian Sea Branch ✅ Divides into three streams: • Western Coast: Heavy rainfall (250 cm) due to orographic effect. • Narmada-Tapi troughs: Narrow valley system in central India. • Aravalli Range: Minimal rainfall impact. 📍 Bay of Bengal Branch ✅ Splits into two streams: • Ganga-Brahmaputra delta: Heavy rainfall, Cherrapunji (1,221 cm) holds record. • Himalayan foothills: Deflected by mountains, widespread rainfall to Ganges Plain. 📍 Monsoon Break ✅ Dry spells during monsoon, known as break in monsoon, common after a few days of rain. 📍 Retreat in Monsoon ✅ Withdrawal of monsoon winds, known as retreating monsoon, occurs in October-November. #Geography Join https://t.me/Mapping_prelims_mains

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6/13/2025, 4:39:29 PM

🔆 India Unlikely to Ratify ‘High Seas Treaty’ (BBNJ) 📍 Key Update ✅ India signed the BBNJ (High Seas Treaty) in 2024, but ratification is pending. ✅ Delay due to legal amendments (e.g. Biological Diversity Act). 📍 Global Status ✅ 49 countries have ratified it (as of June 10); 60 required for legal enforcement. 📍 Contentious Issues ✅ Treaty covers resources beyond EEZ, not under any country’s jurisdiction. ✅ India seeks clarity on equitable economic benefit sharing before ratifying.

UPSC mapping UPSC UPSC UPPSC MPPSC UPSC UPSC Upsc UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC BPSC SSC CSAT UPSC™

6/12/2025, 8:23:18 AM

🔆 Key Glaciers of Antarctica: Features & Significance ✅ Lambert Glacier (East Antarctica): • World’s largest glacier by volume and length (over 400 km long). • Flows into the Amery Ice Shelf. • Vital for studying ice dynamics and climate change. • Major drainage outlet for the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. ✅ Pine Island Glacier (West Antarctica): • Rapidly thinning and retreating glacier. • Part of the Amundsen Sea Embayment. • Key contributor to global sea-level rise. • Monitored closely for ice sheet instability. ✅ Thwaites Glacier (West Antarctica): • Known as the “Doomsday Glacier” for its potential to cause sea-level rise. • Melting rapidly due to warm ocean currents. • Critical for understanding future sea-level changes. • Subject of extensive international research collaborations. #Glaciers #Antarctica #ClimateChange #SeaLevelRise

UPSC mapping UPSC UPSC UPPSC MPPSC UPSC UPSC Upsc UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC BPSC SSC CSAT UPSC™

6/10/2025, 2:06:31 PM

🔆 Pollution Dome 📍 Definition ✅ Formed when unfavorable atmospheric conditions trap pollutants in urban areas, causing smog buildup. 📍 Contributing Factors ✅ Stagnant Air: Calm winds trap pollutants. ✅ Temperature Inversions: Warm air traps cooler air, preventing vertical dispersion. ✅ Geographic Bottlenecks: Mountains/valleys restrict air movement, trapping pollutants. 📍 Additional Factors ✅ Industrial Activity: Emissions from factories, power plants, and vehicles worsen pollution in stagnant air. ✅ Unfavorable Weather Patterns: Systems like anticyclones limit atmospheric mixing, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. #Geography #environment