*🛡️Origins of Indus Valley Civilization* *♟️Pre-Harappan* It refers to the culture that pre-dated Harappan civilisation and was distinct from it e.g. Baluchi cultures (in Baluchistan). Around 4500 yrs BC in Baluchistan, four village cultures were found. *♟️Proto-Harappan* It refers to the culture that signaled the beginning of Harappan culture and was similar to it. ♟️Baluchi culture entered Sind and further expanded into Rajasthan and Haryana. *💎Important Sites* ♟️a) Kot-diji in Sind ♟️b) Amri in Sind ♟️c) Kalibangan in Rajasthan ♟️d) Banwali in Haryana. *💎Material culure Development and geographical expansion* ♟️1. Village culture comprised of living in triangular huts. ♟️2. Crude pottery was used. ♟️3. The urban centres represented town planning of an advanced level. This also meant that urbanism had begun. ♟️4.There were also found two-storeyed buildings made up of baked bricks. ♟️5. Well developed polished pottery was used for storing grains and cooking. *♟️Harappan* This culture expanded to UP in East, upto Kashmir in North and upto Maharashtra in South. This emerged as the biggest cultural formation in the pre-historic world with around 250 Sites. Each of these sites had a well developed drainage system and represented systematic town planning. ♟️Extension and boundaries of Indus Valley Civilization: Suktazendor (Sind) in the west to Alamgirpur in UP in the East; from Manda in Kashmir in North to Dimabad in South.