🔆 Development of Vernacular Education 📍 1835, 1836, 1838: ✅ William Adam’s reports on vernacular education in Bengal and Bihar highlighted defects in the system. 📍 1843-53: ✅ James Jonathan’s experiments in North West Provinces (UP), focusing on opening government schools for vernacular education and normal schools for teacher training. 📍 1853: ✅ In a famous minute, Lord Dalhousie expressed strong support for vernacular education. 📍 1854: ✅ Wood’s Despatch outlined provisions for vernacular education: 1. Improvement of standards 2. Supervision by government agencies 3. Normal schools to train teachers 📍 1854-71: ✅ The government focused on secondary vernacular education, leading to an increase in vernacular schools by more than five-fold. 📍 1882: ✅ The Hunter Commission recommended state efforts to improve vernacular education and mass education to be taught through vernaculars. 📍 1904: ✅ Education policy focused on vernacular education, providing increased grants for it. 📍 1929: ✅ Hartog Committee gave a gloomy view of primary education. 📍 1937: ✅ Congress ministries encouraged the growth of vernacular schools. 📍 Development of Technical Education: ✅ Engineering Colleges: - Roorkee College (1847) - Calcutta College of Engineering (1856) - Poona College of Engineering affiliated to Bombay University. ✅ Medical Training: - Medical College in Calcutta (1835). - Lord Curzon worked to broaden agriculture, medicine, engineering, and other professional education through institutions like Pusa Agricultural College.