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UPSC™ History UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC Upsc Upsc UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC™

6/14/2025, 4:12:56 PM

🔆Buddhism & Jainism: Sacred Geography Unfolded 🛕 Buddhist Hotspots 📍 Hidden in the Caves ✅ Nashik, Karle, Kanheri, Gunnar — ancient meditation hubs carved in stone 📍 Sects Meet Space ✅ Kausambi → Theravadins ✅ Mathura → Sarvastivadins ✅ Nashik/Kanheri → Bhadra Yanika ✅ Mahayana flourished in South Asia ✅ Sarvastivadins stronghold in North India 📍 Dynastic Patronage ✅ Sungas → Barhut, Bodh Gaya, Sanchi ✅ Kushanas → Purushpura, Gandhara, Taxila, Mathura 📍 Star Pilgrimage Site ✅ Mahachaitya, Nagarjunakonda — Buddhist architectural marvel ☸️ Jain Footprints Across Time 📍 Post-Mauryan Imprints ✅ Ujjain & Kankali Tila (Mathura) → Jain inscriptions etched in stone 📍 Orissa Chronicles ✅ Udayagiri & Khandagiri Caves → Jain sanctuaries ✅ Hathigumpha Cave → Svetambaras migrated under Kharavela to East Andhra 📍 Malwa Memory ✅ Jain migration in 1st Century BC, found in Kalkacharya Katha 📍 South Indian Legacy ✅ Silapattikaram & Manimekhalai — Sangam texts with Jain ethos ✅ Sittanavasal Caves → Breathtaking Jain frescoes 📍 Beyond Borders ✅ Jainism’s serene trail continues in Nepal

UPSC™ History UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC Upsc Upsc UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC™

6/12/2025, 1:58:09 PM

🔆 Other Important Events in World History – Israel-Palestine Conflict 📍 Overview ✅ The Arab-Israeli conflict is a prolonged political and military dispute involving Israel, Arab nations, and Palestinian groups. Originating in the late 19th–early 20th century, it has witnessed multiple wars and peace efforts over decades. 📍 Roots of the Conflict ✅ The conflict began with the rise of Jewish nationalism (Zionism) and increased Jewish immigration to Ottoman-controlled Palestine in the late 1800s. ✅ Growing tensions between Jews and Arab Palestinians emerged due to demographic and political shifts. ✅ British control post–World War I worsened the conflict through contradictory promises to both Jews and Arabs. ✅ It escalated after the 1947 UN partition plan, which proposed a two-state solution. ✅ The creation of Israel in 1948 triggered war and the mass displacement of Palestinians, marking a lasting humanitarian and territorial crisis.

UPSC™ History UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC Upsc Upsc UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC™

6/13/2025, 4:09:32 PM

🔆 Sir C. Sankaran Nair – A Forgotten Reformist 📍 Legacy & Politics ✅ Only Keralite to preside over the Indian National Congress. ✅ Both BJP & Congress seek to claim his legacy, but his ideological depth resists labels. 📍 Views on Gandhi & Methods ✅ Criticized Gandhi’s contradiction between Ahimsa and caste. ✅ Opposed non-cooperation & Khilafat, upheld constitutionalism. ✅ Yet shared admiration for village republics and supported social reforms. 📍 Liberal Humanist & Secularist ✅ Influenced by Western liberal thought – Macaulay, Mill. ✅ Advocated free speech, English education, and women’s emancipation. ✅ Opposed mixing religion with politics. 📍 Courage & Contributions ✅ Condemned Jallianwala Bagh despite being in British Council. ✅ Backed caste reforms, rejected extreme nationalism, and supported grassroots empowerment. 📍 Recognition ✅ Autobiography revived by granddaughter in 1966. ✅ Still underrepresented in Indian historiography.

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6/12/2025, 7:50:52 AM

🔆 Integral Humanism: The Soul of Indian Political Thought 📍 1. Concept & Origin ✅ Integral Humanism (Ekatm Manavvad) — founded by Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay ✅ First articulated in Mumbai lectures (April 1965) ✅ Aimed to blend nationalism, democracy, socialism & Bharatiya values 📍 2. Ideological Roots ✅ Inspired by Daishik Shastra (1923) by Badrishah Thulgharia ✅ Further developed by Dattopant Thengdi, founder of BMS & SJM 📍 3. Key Principles ✅ Rejected Western ‘isms’ like capitalism & communism ✅ Advocated for indigenous ideologies rooted in Bharatiya culture ✅ Stressed on ‘Chiti’ (national soul) & ‘Dharma’ (spiritual compass) 📍 4. Six Economic Objectives 1️⃣ Basic needs & national defense 2️⃣ Productive employment & resource optimization 3️⃣ Avoid natural resource overuse 4️⃣ Promote contextual technologies 5️⃣ Protect culture & values 6️⃣ Balanced ownership (state/private/mixed) 📍 5. Endorsements & Legacy ✅ Endorsed by M.S. Golwalkar (RSS) & Mahatma Gandhi ✅ Influenced BJP’s ideological foundation ✅ Integral to India’s alternative development discourse 📍 Conclusion ✅ Integral Humanism = Spiritual harmony + National growth ✅ A Bharatiya path to modernity — balancing tradition & progress ✅ Essential for understanding India’s political ethos

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6/10/2025, 1:30:07 PM

🔆 Changed Nature of Peasant Movements Post 1857 📍 Key Points ✅ Main Streaming: Peasants became the main force in agrarian movements, fighting for their own demands. ✅ Objectives: Focused primarily on economic issues. ✅ Immediate Enemies: Directed against foreign planters, indigenous zamindars, and moneylenders. ✅ Not Against Colonialism: Movements did not target colonialism or subordination. ✅ Limited Territorial Extent: Movements had limited reach and lacked continuity or long-term.

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6/9/2025, 2:32:36 PM

🔆 Karachi Session (March 1931) ✅ Goal: Approve the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, despite criticism from radicals for lacking a commitment to political independence. ✅ Endorsement of the Pact: Gandhiji persuaded the session to support the agreement, despite protests accusing Congress of neglecting lower castes. 🔹 Key Highlights ✅ Gandhi-Irwin Pact endorsed: The session backed the agreement. ✅ Fundamental Rights resolution: Introduced for the first time. ✅ Purna Swaraj emphasized: Established it as a key goal. ✅ Minorities’ protection: Acknowledged their rights. ✅ Recognized sacrifices: Honored Bhagat Singh and others. ✅ Laid foundation: Set the stage for Congress’ future political and economic direction. #history

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5/14/2025, 3:01:32 PM

🔆 Buddhist Sangha (Monastic Order) 📍 Community Structure ✅ Organized group of monks (bhikkhus) & nuns (bhikkhunis) 📍 Notable Figure ✅ Mahapajapati Gotami – First woman to join the Sangha 📍 Textual Source ✅ Vinaya Pitaka – Contains monastic rules

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5/16/2025, 3:08:43 PM

🔆 Famous Travellers to India (Chronological Order) 📍 Al-Biruni ✅ Nation: Uzbekistan ✅ Time Period: 11th century ✅ Book: Kitab-ul-Hind 📍 Marco Polo ✅ Nation: Italy ✅ Time Period: 13th century ✅ Book: — — — 📍 Ibn Batuta ✅ Nation: Morocco ✅ Time Period: 14th century ✅ Book: Rihala 📍 Abdur Razzaq ✅ Nation: Afghanistan ✅ Time Period: 15th century ✅ Book: — — — 📍 Jean Baptiste Travernier ✅ Nation: France ✅ Time Period: 17th century ✅ Book: — — — 📍 Francois Bernier ✅ Nation: France ✅ Time Period: 17th century ✅ Book: Travels in the Mughal Empire

UPSC™ History UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC Upsc Upsc UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC™

5/13/2025, 1:30:37 PM

UPSC CSE (Civil Services Examination) 2025 Prelims Admit Card Out https://upsconline.gov.in/eadmitcard/admitcard_csp_2025/admit_card.php#hhh1

UPSC™ History UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC Upsc Upsc UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC UPSC™

5/17/2025, 1:31:26 PM

🔆 Mauryan Period: Important Texts and Inscriptions 📍 Arthashastra ✅ Polity/Statecraft ✅ Author: Chanakya ✅ Description: Ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy, written in Sanskrit. 📍 Natural History ✅ Author: Pliny ✅ Description: Tells us about the strength of CGM’s army (600K infantry, 30K cavalry, 9K elephants) and about the flora, fauna, minerals, geography, etc., of India. 📍 Milind Panha ✅ Author: Nagasesena ✅ Description: Dialogue between Indo-Greek king Menander I and Nagasesena discussing Buddhism. 📍 Indica ✅ Author: Megasthenes ✅ Description: Survived in fragments, detailing Mauryan administration and military organization, particularly in Patliputra. 📍 Vinaya Pitaka ✅ Author: Upali ✅ Description: Written in Pali, deals with monastic rules for monks and nuns. 📍 Abhidhamma Pitaka ✅ Author: (Unknown) ✅ Description: Deals with philosophy and metaphysics. 🔆 Other Texts and Inscriptions 📍 Sutta Pitaka ✅ Author: Ananda ✅ Description: Written in Pali, deals with dialogues and discourses on morality and Dharma. 📍 Kalpasutra ✅ Author: Bhadrabahu ✅ Description: Written in Prakrit, deals with the life stories of the last two Jain Tirthankaras. 📍 Junagarh Rock Inscription ✅ Author: Rudradaman I ✅ Description: Credited with the first long inscription in chaste Sanskrit, mentions repairs to the Sudershana Lake. 📍 Shalihotra Samhita ✅ Author: Shalihotra ✅ Description: Deals with the anatomy of horses.